This paper reports the results of 105 cases of mitral stenosis treated with closed commissurotomy. 72 out of the 105 cases were simple mitral stenosis while the remaining 33 were mitral stenosis complicated with mitral insufficiency of mild degree.Before operation, the diameter of the stenosed orifice was smaller than 0.8 cm in 23 cases, between 0.8 and 1.2 cm in 57, and between 1.2 and 2.5 cm in 25. The leaflets of the valve were fibre-adhered in 6 cases and fibro-thickened in 90. In 9 cases the mitral valve was funnel in shape due to the shortening of chordae tendineae.The operation was performed through a left thoracoslomy in 98 cases and a right thoracostomy in 7. After dilatation, the diameter of the mitral orifice was smaller than 3 cm in 13 cases, between 3 and 3.5 cm in 87, and larger than 3.5 cm in 5. The largest diameter was 3.9 cm. Early postoperative death occurred in 2 cases and the mortality rate was 1.9%.75 cases (71.4%) were followed up for 7 months to 8 years respectively. Good results with marked improvement occurred in 67 cases (89.3%) , no change in 2, poor results with worsened condition in 2. Two cases died during the follow-up course.In addition, the role of closed commissurotomy in the treatment of mitral stenosis, the selection of patients, and the optimal dilatation of the orifice were discussed according to the clinical data.

To explore whether bitter and cold drugs will cause consumption of Yin and cure Yin deficiency syndrome.So long as according the theory of "the herbs are used rationally",Yin deficiency syndrome will be(avoided.)

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula accounts for 10% to 15% of intracranial arteriovenous malformations. It may cause intracranial hemorrhage or other neurological deficits, but its clinical manifestations are lack of specific, the changes of CT and MRI are not typical, and it is easily to be ignored and missed or delayed. Clinicians' awareness of the disease and the high resolution imaging examinations are critical for rapid and accurate diagnosis. Timely treatment may prevent death or disability. This article reviews the relevant literature in order to improve the understanding of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula, to be diagnosed early and treated appropriately.

Objective To investigate lipid profile in different stage of pregnant women and provide reference data for health care and complications during pregnancy .Methods A total of 1 200 healthy pregnant women were selected into pregnant womem ,and detected the blood lipid levels in different stage of pregnant ,and other 400 healthy women without pregnant were selected into the control group .Lipid profile was compared between the women in the control group and different stage of pregnant women in differ-ent stage of pregnancy .Results Compared with healthy controls ,triacylglycerol(TG) was increased significantly in early pregnancy (P<0 .05) ,the levels of TG ,total cholesterol(TC) ,low density lipoprotein cholesterin(LDL-C) ,high density lipoprotein cholester-ol(HDL-C) ,apoprotein a(Apo-A1) and apolipoprotein B100(Apo-B100) were increased significantly in middle and late pregnancy (P<0 .05) ,but no difference was detected in lipoprotein a(Lpa) level(P>0 .05) .Conclusion Compared with healthy controls , pregnant women has high lipid levels ,which gradually increased with gestational weeks .

Objective To compare the value of prostatic specific antigen(PSA),prostate volume (PV)and PSA density(PSAD)in healthy Chinese males between Uygur and Han and to analyze the relationship between age and above indexes.Methods Serum PSA of 1278 healthy Chinese men over than 40 years was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The group composed of 555 Uygur males and 723 Han males was divided into four different age groups based on every ten years.40-49 year group: 395 (Uygur: 175,Han: 220);50-59 year group: 325(Uygur: 143,Han: 182);60-69 year group: 281(Uygur: 131,Han: 150);over than 70 year group: 277(Uygur: 106,Han: 171).The length,width and height of the prostate were measured by trans-abdominal ultrasound.The value of PSA,PV and PSAD were correlated with age using the correlation analysis.Results PSA and PV of Uygur were as follows,40 year group:(0.69 ± 0.50)μg/L,(22.83 ± 8.20)ml;50 year group:(0.87 ± 0.52)μg/L,(25.30 ± 9.27)ml;60 year group:(1.08 ±0.56)μg/L,(27.68 ±13.10)ml;70 year group:(2.39 ±0.99)μg/L,(36.36 ± 18.71)ml.PSA and PV of Han were as follows,40 year group:(1.01 ± 0.83)μg/L,(23.01 ±7.57)ml;50 year group:(1.26 ±0.80)μg/L,(27.23 ±10.24)ml;60 year group:(1.66 ±0.79)μg/L,(33.88±17.59)ml;70 year group:(2.51 ±1.11)μg/L,(43.98 ±20.21)ml.The value of PSA and PV of Uygur were less than those of Han in each age group and there were significant differences(P ＜ 0.05).PSAD of Uygur and Han in different age group were as follows: 40 year group:0.041 ± 0.022,0.042 ± 0.027;50 year group: 0.039 ± 0.027,0.040 ± 0.031;60 year group: 0.040 ±0.021,0.041 ±0.025;70 year group: 0.039 ± 0.020,0.040 ± 0.029.The PSAD showed no difference between two nationalities or any age group.With the increasing age,the value of PSA and PV gradually increased and the positive correlation was found among age,PSA and PV in both Uygar and Han nationalities.Conclusions The value of PSA and PV are affected by nationality and age.PSAD between different nationalities and age groups has no difference.

Objective To present the outcomes of modified Cantwell-Ransley procedure in 37 patients with isolated epispadias and exstrophy complex.Methods A total of 37 patients underwent modified Cantwell-Ransley epispadias repair.The median age at surgery was 6.6 years (range 1-32).Of the 37 patients,13 patients had isolated penopubic epispadias and 24 had bladder exstrophy with no previous attempts at epispadias repair.Nine patients with exstmphy complex underwent complete primary repair,while other 15 cases received urinary diversion.Results The patients were followed up for 6 months to 3 years (mean,12 months).All patients had normal conical symmetric glans/corpora and an orthotopic meatus.The complications included glans/corporal ischemia (1 case),urethral fistula (3 cases),and foreskin infection (1 case).Conclusions Modified Cantwell-Ransley procedure is safe and effective for epispadias repair.Cosmetic appearance and functional outcomes of the penis are encouraging.

Intravesical instillation after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) has been considered as the most important and effective method for the prevention and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).Nowadays, the main choices of intravesical instillation are chemical drugs and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG).For all pa-tients with NMIBC, intravesical instillation should be admistered as soon as possible after TURBT.For patients of G_(1-2)T, an immediate single postoperative instillation of chemotherapy as standard therapy for low-risk disease is enough.For interme-diate-risk patients, it is recommended to use an immediate single postoperative instillation of chemotherapy plus an induc-tion course or maintenance treatment, but the scheme of intravesical instillation should be based on the specific circum-stances of the patients.For high-risk patients, maintenance therapy with BCG should be the first chioce.The combination of intravesical BCG and chemotherapy has certain advantages in treating NMIBC, but its efficacy needs further verifica-tion.Although there is a long history of intravesical instillation after TURBT, the choice of drugs, the time of instillation, and the corresponding dosages are still inconclusive.This article summarizes the strategies of the treatment for NMIBC after TURBT.

Right ventricular failure(RVF)is a severe clinical syndrome that affects human health seriously.The establishment and application of experimental animal models are critical to research the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of RVF.Recently, numerous researchers have studied the modeling methods and testing indexes of RVF of animal models, which has improved the success rate and quality of the models.However, even if so many models, there is still no widely accepted experimental animal model of RVF because of the different and complex modeling methods, material selection and experimental conditions.This article reviews the methods and mechanism of multiple experimental animal models of RVF and compares them, so as to provide reference for choosing and applying experimental animal models of RVF in the study.

Objective: To explore whether relieving effect of Ginsenosides-Rb1 (Gs-Rb1) on chronic heart failure (CHF) induced by adriamycin is related to improving levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (TNFR) and ligand TNF-α or not. Methods: Adriamycin-induced CHF model rats were randomly divided into adriamycin group (n=15, received adriamycin 1 μmol/L) and Gs-Rb1 group (n=17, received Gs-Rb1 70 mg•kg-1•d-1 based on adriamycin group), another 10 healthy Wistar rats were selected as normal control group. Meanwhile, cultured cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats were accordingly divided into normal control group, adriamycin group and adriamycin+Gs-Rb1 group. After intervention, echocardiography, levels of TNFR/TNF-α mRNA and protein were measured and compared among three groups. Results: 1. In vivo: Compared with normal control group TNFR-1 [protein（0.13±0.02）kDa, mRNA（0.19±0.05）bp]，TNFR-2[protein（0.24±0.01）kDa, mRNA（0.13±0.02）bp]，TNF-α [protein（0.11±0.01）kDa, mRNA（0.26±0.05）bp], the levels of TNFR-1 [protein（0.67±0.04）kDa,（0.51±0.04）kDa；mRNA（0.81±0.03）bp，（0.49±0.05）bp]，TNFR-2 [protein（0.61±0.05）kDa, （0.47±0.03）kDa，mRNA（0.28±0.03）bp，（0.18±0.04）bp] and TNF-α [protein（0.28±0.04）kDa, （0.20±0.03）kDa， mRNA（0.67±0.05）bp，（0.45±0.04）bp] significantly rose（P<0.05 or <0.01） in adriamycin group and Gs-Rb1 group; and those levels of TNFR-1, TNFR-2, TNF-α protein and mRNA of Gs-Rbl group were significant reduction than those of adriamycin group; 2. In vitro: The results were similar, those of adriamycin group and Gs-Rb1 group were also significant rise than those of normal control group（P<0.05 or <0.01），those of Gs-Rbl group were significant reduction than those of adriamycin group（P<0.05 or <0.01）. Conclusion: TNFR/TNF-α expression may play a certain role in the process of adriamycin-induced CHF; improving effect of Gs-Rb1 on adriamycin-induced CHF may be related to regulation of TNFR/TNF-α.