The germs on the hands of medical personnel in medical institutions have become the chief pathogens for hospital infection. These pathogens can be acquired not only from infected wounds or drainage wounds but also from normal and whole skin regions. Hand washing and disinfection is one of the most important measures for preventing hospital infection. The paper describes the definitions of hand washing, hygienic hand disinfection and surgical hand disinfection and discusses the action mechanisms, effects and features of various hand hygiene products currently in use, such as alcohol, hibitane glucose saline and hexachlorophenol. It enumerates a number of problems inhand hygiene, including low rate of hand hygiene observance on the part of medical personel, insufficient attention to hand hygiene on the part of medical institutions, reduction of germs' sensitivity to disinfectants, and the occurrence of contact dermatitis in disinfectant usage. The paper also gives an account of some of the latest strategies and countermeasures aiming at improving the status of hand hygiene, These include ways of lowering the incidence of contact dermatitis, reducing the bad effects of germicides, and raising the rate of hand hygiene observance.

Objective To observe the correlation between contrast-enhanced sonography and microveesel density (MVD) in peripheral lung tumor.Methods Contrast-enhanced sonography was performed in 55 patients with peripheral lung tumor.Among of them,malignant tumor was 40 cases,benign tumor was 15 cases.Analyzed the quantitative parameters (peak intensity,enhanced strength index) by using time-intensity curve (TIC) with computer.MVD was measured by immunohistochemistry after operation.Results The level of MVD in malignant tumor was significantly higher than that in benign tumor [(24.57 ± 5.93)/HP vs.(15.50 ± 2.82)/HP] (P ＜ 0.05).The level of MVD had significant correlation with peak intensity and enhanced strength index (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The peak intensity and enhanced strength index have significant correlation with MVD.They are valuable indexes in evaluating angiogenesis in peripheral lung tumor.

AIM: To assay the level of ferulic acid in rabbit taking Siwu Decoction (Radix angelicae sinensis, Rhlzorna chuanxiong, Radix rehmanniae praeparata) and the influence result of the blood picture. METHODS: The level of ferulic acid in rabbit blood was measured with HPLC after medication and the blood examination was carried out. RESULTS: During the period of medication, the levels of red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, Fe, Zn and Cu increased, packed cell volume and whole blood low-shear viscosity decreased. CONCLUSION: Ferulic acid in Siwu Decoction might be one of effective constituents, promoting blood circulation and replenishing blood.

Objective To establish the assay method of hydroxyproline(HYP) level in rat lung tissue for evaluating the lung fi-brosis degree .Methods The impact of different acid hydrolyzable time ,oxidative time ,developing time on the assay results of the HYP level in rat lung tissue was studied .On this basis ,the assay method for determining the HYP level was established and prelim-inarily applied in the detection of the HYP level in rat lung tissue .Results The optimal condition for the HYP level detection in rat lung tissue was as follows :7 .50 mol HCL was hydrolyzed for 16 h at 110 ℃ ,oxidized for 10 min at room temperature and devel-oped for 25min at 60℃ .The sensitivity of this method was 0 .067μg/mL .The recovery rate and the average CV of this method were 88 .85% -110 .88% and 4 .70% -6 .60% ,respectively .In the study of bleomycin induced rat lung fibrosis ,the HYP level of the model group was obviously higher than that of the control group .Conclusion This method has high sensitivity ,high recovery rate and good reproducibility ,and may be used as a reliable quantitative method to judge the lung fibrosis level in clinic .

AIM: To assay the level of ferulic acid in rabbit taking Siwu Decoction(Radix angelicae sinensis,Rhlzoma chuanxiong,Radix rehmanniae praeparata) and the influence result of the blood picture. METHODS: The level of ferulic acid in rabbit blood was measured with HPLC after medication and the blood examination was carried out. RESULTS: During the period of medication,the levels of red and white blood cells,hemoglobin,Fe,Zn and Cu increased,packed cell volume and whole blood low-shear viscosity decreased. CONCLUSION: Ferulic acid in Siwu Decoction might be one of effective constituents,promoting blood circulation and replenishing blood.

Objective: To fix optimum extracting craft of polysaccharides in Siwu Decoction.(Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Rhizoma Chuanxiong). Methods: The orthogonal design was used and refluxing time (A). water totalling (B) and extraction time (C) were defined as factors of the design. Results: A factor and C factor had notable influence on the content of polysaccharides. Conclusion: Optimum extracting craft was defined as follows: A 2B 1C 2.

AIM: To compare the ligustilide content in Siwu Decoction and its ingredient herb. METHODS: To extract with SFE-CO 2 and to determine ligustilide with HPLC. RESULTS: Of the content of ligustilide, the highest in single herb, next in the mixture of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Lignstic Rhizoma, the lowest in Siwu Decoction. CONCLUSION: When Angelicane Sinensis Radix and Lignstic Rhizoma were in compound preparation, the content of ligustilide became lower obviously.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of the treatment for fresh achilles tendon rupture by modified double Kessler suture with S type incision .Methods Totally 21 cases of fresh achilles tendon rupture were admitted into our hospital from January 2012 to Decem-ber 2015, and they were treated by S type incision modified double Kessler suture within 7 days (averagely 4.1 days).Observed the postop-erative complications and evaluated the efficacy with Arner-Lindholm.Results All the 21 patients were followed for 6 to 24 months ( aver-agely 12 months).There was no incision infection ,necrosis, re-fracture of achilles tendon and other complications .There were 16 cases of excellent and 5 cases of good , with the excellent and good rate of 100% through the Arner-Lindholm evaluation criteria .Conclusion Modified double Kessler suture with S incision for the treatment of fresh achilles tendon rupture is conducive to early functional exercise ,and it can obtain satisfactory clinical efficacy .

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of different elutions of Hyssopus cuspidatus on smooth muscle contraction of isolated tracheal in Guinea pigs. METHODS:Isolated tracheal rings were prepared and soaked in Krebs-Henseleit,using acetyl-choline(ACh,1×10-7 g/mL)or histamine(His,1×10-6 g/mL)to induce contraction of tracheal rings,then the effects of H. cuspi-datus water elution and 30%,50%,60%,70%,95%ethanol elutions with mass concentrations of 0.08,0.16,0.32,0.64,1.28, 2.56 mg/mL on contraction of tracheal rings were respectively investigated. Contraction curves were recorded and antispasmodic rates were calculated. Tests were treated with saline as blank control and aminophylline (0.08 mg/mL) as positive control. RE-SULTS:Compared with blank control,0.16-2.56 mg/mL 30%,50% ethanol elution,0.32-2.56 mg/mL 60% ethanol elution and 0.64-2.56 mg/mL 70%,95% ethanol elution can obviously inhibit ACh-induced contraction of tracheal rings,antispasmodic rates were obviously increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);0.32-2.56 mg/mL water elution and 30%,50% ethanol elution,0.16-2.56 mg/mL 60%,70% ethanol elution and 1.28-2.56 mg/mL 95% ethanol elution can obviously inhibit His-induced contraction of tracheal rings,antispasmodic rates were obviously increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The effects of 2.56 mg/mL 60% ethanol elution ap-proach to aminophylline. CONCLUSIONS:Different elutions of H. cuspidatus has certain antagonistic effect on the ACh-induced or His-induced smooth muscle contraction of isolated tracheal in Guinea pigs;60% ethanol elution shows the strongest effect, which has similar effects with aminophylline at high mass concentration.

AIM:To clarify the mechanism of treating autoimmune cardiomyopathy at different stages with anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody.METHODS:Mice immunized with human mitochondria ADP/ATP peptides were used as the cardiomyopathy(DCM) group,and the sham-immunized mice were regarded as the controls.Mice receiving early treatment were immunized with the same peptides,followed by the injection of 400 ?g of anti-L3T4 on day 0,1 and 2 post-immunization.Mice in the late treatment group were immunized as of the early treatment group but anti-L3T4 was administered 3 months post-immunization.The cytokine expression was measured with three-color flow cytometry to quantitate the splenic Th1/Th2 cell subsets in the different groups of mice.In addition,serum and myocardial cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time PCR.RESULTS:Th1 and Th2 subsets in the early treatment group were similar to those in control group,but were drastically lower than those in DCM group.Mice in the late treatment group showed an increased level of Th1-related cytokines,while the Th2 level was between the DCM and early treatment group.IFN-? and IL-6 levels in early treatment group were similar to those in control group.In the early treatment group,IL-4 level was higher than that in control and lower than that in DCM group,whereas IL-2 and TNF-? contents were lower than those in control and DCM group.In the late treatment group,IFN-? and IL-2 levels were higher than those in DCM group and lower than those in the early treatment group,while IL-6 and IL-4 levels were lower than those in DCM group.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that the cytokine production in cardiomyopathic mice may be repressed by treatment with anti-L3T4 at different stages.Early treatment with anti-L3T4 has better inhibitory function than treatment in late stage of autoimmune cardiomyopathy.