BACKGROUND: Traditionally,UV/visible spectra,conductivity,electrophoresis and other methods are commonly applied for studying the interaction of metal ions and amino acids,but UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy for L-histidine reacted with silver ion in aqueous solution is rarely reported.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interaction between silver ion and histidine using UVNIS and fluorescence spectra.METHODS: The influence of pH,multicomponent concentration such as histidine,silver ion,formaldehyde,sodium dodecyl sulfate and trihydroxymethyl aminomethane,as well as illumination strength and time,on the interaction between silver ion and histidine were investigated,and the mechanism of reaction was also explored.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Applied pH potentiometer titration method,the dissociation constants of histidine was defined 9.21.The stepwise stability constants of histidine-silver was logK1=5.56 and logK2=4.05,respectively by using half(n)method.At 20 ℃,the electric potential of histidine-silver system was 2.10×10-4 V.According to pH potentiometer titration and lob method,the compound was consisted of histidine: Ag=2:1.Compared with histidine,histidine-silver systems reached a shoulder peak at 295.3 nm,which was assigned to conjugate double bond of imidazole ring that easily generated π-π*transition.And an absorption peak close to 242 nm can be assigned to n-π*transition of the C=O group of the histidine-silver.The fluorescence emission spectra of histidine-silver systems belonged to 5D0→7F2 electric dipole transition.Compared with reference solutions under the same conditions,it not only emitted wavelengths blue shift,but also induced fluorescence quenching.Results showed that,imidazole ring was involved in the bonding action with silver ion.The reaction process is to firstly generate six-coordination complex,secondly reduce the silver ion into ultrafine silver particles which are bound by histidine.

Objective To observe the different changes of macular microstructure in patients with large idiopathic macular hole (IMH) treated with vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane (ILM) transplantation or not.Methods Forty eyes in 40 consecutive patients with giant IMH (≥500 μm) were included in the study.Twenty eyes received vitrectomy with ILM transplantation (ILM transplantation group) and others with ILM peel off (ILM removal group).During the operation,a proper size of the ILM was removed and filled in the bottom of the macular hole.The age,duration of disease and the ocular laterality of the two groups of patients were not statistically significant (P＞0.05).Minimum resolution angle in logarithmic (logMAR) best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and frequency domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan were examined.There was no statistically significant difference in logMAR BCVA,average defect diameter of photoreceptor ellipsoid (IS/OS) and average defect diameter of external limiting membrane (ELM) between two groups (t=0.128,1.452,1.321;P＞0.05).The logMAR BCVA and SD-OCT were examined on 1,3,6,12 months postoperatively.Results On 1 month after the surgery,there was no statistically significant difference in logMAR BCVA,average defect diameter of IS/OS and average defect diameter of ELM between two groups (t=1.226,1.435,1.018;P＞0.05).On 3,6,12 months after the surgery,compared with ILM removal group,the logMAR BCVA (t=2.059,2.871,2.415) increased and the average defect diameter of IS/OS (t =2.070,2.110,2.121) and ELM (t =2.034,3.647,3.556) significantly reduced in ILM transplantation group (P＜0.05).On 1 month after the surgery,there was statistically significant difference in CRT between two groups (t=2.113,P＜0.05).On 3,6,12 months after the surgery,there was no statistically significant difference in CRT between two groups (t=0.428,0.847,0.849;P＞0.05).Conclusion Compared with vitrectomy combined with ILM peeling surgery,the diameter of IS/OS and ELM defect were significantly decreased after vitrectomy combined with ILM transplantation in the patients with large IMH.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of Sanqi Qiancao Recipe (SQR) in treating metrorrhagia caused by copper intrauterine device (IUD) in rabbits and to provide experimental evidence for preventing and treating this disease. METHODS: Fifty-six rabbits were randomly divided into seven groups, which were normal control group, sham-operation group, untreated group, indomethacin-treated group, low-dose SQR-treated group, medium-dose SQR-treated group and high-dose SQR-treated group. Copper IUD insertion was operated in rabbits of the last five groups. Rabbits in the last four groups were treated orally with indomethacin and low-, medium- and high-dose SQR respectively for a week. Rabbits in the untreated group, normal control group and sham-operation group were given distilled water orally. Hematocrit, blood viscosity at low, medium and high shear rate, plasma viscosity and blood sedimentation were examined after treatment. RESULTS: The hematocrit, blood viscosity at low, medium and high shear rate and plasma viscosity were higher in the untreated group than those in the normal control group with significant differences (P<0.01) while those indexes in low-, medium- and high-dose SQR-treated groups were significantly lower than those in the untreated group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: SQR can lead to a decrease in blood viscosity and improve the blood flow, which may be one of the mechanisms of SQR in treating metrorrhagia after copper IUD insertion.

876 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were collected from Sep 2004 to Oct 2006. Among them 800 patients with polycystic ovary ultrasound image belonged to group A; the other 76 women without polyeystic ovary ultrasound image belonged to group B. As compared with group A, group B showed significantly higher hirsutism scores, serum testosterone, cholesterol, and lower density lipoprotein. Significantly higher prevalences of diabetes mellitus and hypertension appeared in the first degree relatives in group B than in group A.

Objective To evaluate the value of MRI in diagnosing pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS). Methods MRI appearance of 23 pathologically proven cases of PVNS was analyzed. Results In 23 patients with PVNS, 9 cases occurred in knee joint, 9 cases in hip, 3 cases in ankle, 1 in elbow, and 1 in wrist. X ray of the 23 patients could only show the joint effusion, and bony erosion was found in 19 cases. CT scan showed joint effusion and bony erosion more clearly than X ray in 4 cases. The typical MRI appearance included intra articular joint effusion and extensive synovial proliferation which led to progressive destruction of cartilage and bone. The pigmented villonodules showed nodular low signal on both T 1WI and T 2WI, especially in FFE/T 2WI. Conclusion MRI is the most effective modality in the diagnosis of PVNS.

Objective To investigate the correlation of single nucleotide polymorphisms( SNP) of rs228648 and rs2890565 in urotensin Ⅱ (UTS2)gene with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS). Methods The genotypes of two SNPs in UTS2 gene were determined through polymerase chain reaction Tin-shift genotyping method. 101 Chinese Han families trios in Shandong Province consisting of fathers,mothers,and affected daughters with PCOS and 105 healthy women were recruited. The physiological and biochemical parameters including serum follicular stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone( LH),testosterone,fasting plasma glucose,and insulin were also measured. Results The distributions of three genotypes and two alleles of SNP rs228648 in UTS2 gene were similar between PCOS group and control group. The distributions of genotypes of SNP rs2890565 in UTS2 gene differed significantly between PCOS group and control group (P<0. 05). The frequency of A allele of SNP rs2890565 in UTS2 gene was significantly higher in PCOS group than that in control group( P<0.05). Transmission disequilibrium test(TDT) did not show significantly biased transmission of two different alleles from parents to affected daughters at rs228648 locus (P>0. 05) ,but showed an excess transmission of A allele from heterozygous parents to affected offspring at rs2890565 locus (P<0. 05). The carriers with GG genotype of SNP rs228648 had significantly higher HOMA-IR compared to those with AA and AG genotypes. The carriers with AA or AG genotype of SNP rs2890565 had significantly higher fasting plasma glucose and fasting insulin compared to those with GG genotypes. HOMA-IR in cases with AA genotype was significantly higher than that with GG genotype. Conclusions There is no association of SNP rs228648 with PCOS, but exists association with insulin resistance. The genetic polymorphism of UTS2 gene rs2890565 may be associated with PCOS,and the higher frequency of A allele is likely to contribute to PCOS.

Objective To investigate characteristics of glucose metabolism of non-obese and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods From May 2006 to April 2009, 1928 PCOS patients treated in Reproductive Medicine Center of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University were enrolled in this study, which were divided into 901 cases [body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2] in obese group and 1027 cases in non-obese (BMI < 25 kg/m2) group. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), oral glucose tolerance test, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) were compared between the two groups. Results (1) Blood glucose levels: at the time of fasting, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, the levels of glucose were (5. 3±1.1), (9. 0±2. 4), (9. 3±4. 4),(7.5±2.8) ,(5.3±1.8)mmol/L in obese group and (5.0±0. 8) ,(8.4±3.5),(8.0±4.2),(6.5±3.2) ,(4. 9±1.6) mmol/L in non-obese group, which all showed statistical difference at every time point (P < 0. 01). (2)The level of insulin: at the time of fasting, 30, 60, 120 min, the level of insulin were (13±7), (81±51), (102±65), (83±63) mU/L in obese group and (8±5) ,(57±35) ,(62±44),(46±39) mU/L in non-obese group, which all showed statistical differenceatevery time point (P <0. 01). However, at time point of 180 minutes, the level of insulin did not exhibit significantly difference between obese and non-obese group (P > 0. 05). (3) The prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism: the rate of IFG was 4. 98% (96/1928). The rate of abnormal glucose tolerance was 23. 08% (445/1928). The rate of IGT were 13.05% (134/1027) in non-obese group and 24. 20% (218/901) in obese group,which also showed remarkable difference (P < 0. 01). The rate of T2DM were 2. 53% (26/1027) in nonobese group and 7.44% (67/901) in obese group, which reached significant difference (P < 0. 01).Conclusion Abnormal glucose metabolism was observed more frequently in overweight or obese PCOS women.

Objective: To explore the relationship between expression of tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α) and electrophysiological heterogeneity in isolated heart tissues and isolated rat ventricular myocytes.The arrhythmogenic mechanisms of TNF-αwere further studied.Methods:Langendorff perfused heart tissues models were used to verify the arrhythmogenic effects of TNF-α.The monophasic action potentials( MAPs) of the endocardium and epicardium from the isolated heart tissues were recorded by elec-trophysiological experiments.The isolated rat ventricular myocytes were obtained by enzymatic dissociation.K+currents(Ito,IK1)were recorded by using whole cell patch clamp technique.Results: Compared to the control group, the difference in MAPD between endocardium and epicardium dramatically increased with TNF-α( P<0.05 ) .TNF-αcould cause MAP duration ( MAPD ) prolongation, and a single dose of TNF-αdifferentially affected the MAPs of endocardium and epicardium of isolated heart tissues.Compared to the control group,the K+currents(Ito,IK1)were dose-dependently decreased with TNF-αin rat ventricular myocytes(P<0.05).However, etanercept had no effects on the MAPD in the absence of TNF-α.Conclusion:TNF-α-induced heterogeneity of MAPD between the endo-cardium and epicardium may provide the substrate for the onset of ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction.The effect might be associated with TNF-αcontribute to re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias which resulted from decreased K+currents(Ito,IK1).

Objective To evaluate the MRI findings and its diagnostic value in gluteal muscle contracture (GMC). Methods Eleven clinic or operation confirmed GMC patients were examined by plain X-ray and MRI. Conventional T 1WI and T 2WI MR imaging were performed and FFE-T 2WI (fast field echo-T 2WI) was also scanned. CT scan was conducted in 5 cases. Results 11 GMC patients were all diagnosed by MRI. Conventional T 1WI and T 2WI could only show the atrophy of gluteal muscles, while FFE-T 2WI could directly show the fibrous band of gluteal muscle and its fascia, and the fibrous band appeared as low signal intensity on FFE-T 2WI sequence. Conclusions MRI is the efficient modality in imaging the fibrous band for GMC patients, and FFE-T 2WI is the most valuable sequence. MRI is very helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of GMC.

Objective To evaluate the appearances of osteochondral fracture of the knee on X-ray and MR imaging. Methods Twelve patients with knee acute injury were examined with X-ray and MRI. The findings of MRI and X-ray were analyzed and reviewed, and the results of each patient were confirmed by arthroscopy and operation. Results Thirteen areas of osteochondral fracture including 9 loose bodies in 12 patients were diagnosed by MRI. Seven locations were found by MRI in the distal lateral femoral condyle, and 6 in patellar. MRI could clearly show the location, the size, and the depth of each osteochondral fracture, and MRI could also differentiate the articular cartilage and the subchondral of the loose body. T 2WI, STIR, and FFE-T 2WI were the best sequences to demonstrate the osteochondral fracture. X-ray showed 5 loose bodies in the knee joint, but could not detect where they came from. Conclusion MRI can accurately reveal and diagnose the osteochondral fracture of knee after trauma, which improves the diagnostic certainty and is very helpful for arthroscopy and operation. X-ray is still the initial modality in detecting the osteochondral fracture of knee and should be combined with MRI to confirm the diagnosis.