Objective To study the effects of 50 Hz low voltage electric stimulation on angiogenesis and the expression of VEGF in the ischemic myoeardium in rats. Methods Twelve Wistar rats with experimentally induced myocardial ischemia were randomly divided into an electric stimulation (ES) group and a control group. The animals in the electric stimulation group were electrically stimulated at 50 Hz and 0.3 V through electrodes implanted in the epicardium of the anterior wall of the left artrium. Those in the control group were delivered sham electrical stimula- tion through similar implanted electrodes. Immunohistochemistry was used to count endothelial cells (ECs) and measure the capillary density (CD). A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to measure the expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA. Results The number of ECs, and the CDs in the ES group were significantly greater than in the control group, and the expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA was also significantly higher. Conclusions Low voltage electrical stimulation at 50 Hz can promote angiogenesis and the expression of VEGF in the ischemic myocardium in rats.

Despite the high mutation rate of HIV-1, the amino acid sequences of the membrane-spanning domain (MSD) of HIV-1 gp41 are well conserved. Arginine residues are rarely found in single membrane-spanning domains, yet an arginine residue, R(696) (the numbering is based on that of HXB2), is highly conserved in HIV-1 gp41. To examine the role of R(696), it was mutated to K, A, I, L, D, E, N, and Q. Most of these substitutions did not affect the expression, processing or surface distribution of the envelope protein (Env). However, a syncytia formation assay showed that the substitution of R(696) with amino acid residues other than K, a naturally observed mutation in the gp41 MSD, decreased fusion activity. Substitution with hydrophobic amino acid residues (A, I, and L) resulted in a modest decrease, while substitution with D or E, potentially negatively-charged residues, almost abolished the syncytia formation. All the fusion-defective mutants showed slower kinetics with the cell-based dual split protein (DSP) assay that scores the degree of membrane fusion based on pore formation between fusing cells. Interestingly, the D and E substitutions did show some fusion activity in the DSP assays, suggesting that proteins containing D or E substitutions retained some fusion pore-forming capability. However, nascent pores failed to develop, due probably to impaired activity in the pore enlargement process. Our data show the importance of this conserved arginine residue for efficient membrane fusion.
Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Arginine ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41 ; chemistry ; metabolism ; HIV-1 ; metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Membrane Fusion ; physiology ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, which manifests with both motor and non-motor symptoms. Circadian rhythm dysregulation, as one of the most challenging non-motor features of PD, usually appears long before obvious motor symptoms. Moreover, the dysregulated circadian rhythm has recently been reported to play pivotal roles in PD pathogenesis, and it has emerged as a hot topic in PD research. In this review, we briefly introduce the circadian rhythm and circadian rhythm-related genes, and then summarize recent research progress on the altered circadian rhythm in PD, ranging from clinical features to the possible causes of PD-related circadian disorders. We believe that future comprehensive studies on the topic may not only help us to explore the mechanisms of PD, but also shed light on the better management of PD.