ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect of Xielitang on dextran sulfate sodium （DSS）-induced ulcerative colitis （UC） mice and its possible mechanism. MethodsDSS was used to establish UC model. Sixty mice were randomly divided into a normal group， a model group， a sulfasalazine group （0.6 g·kg^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose Xielitang groups （1.67， 3.34， 6.68 g·kg^-1）. After treatment for 42 d， the colon length was recorded， and the disease activity index （DAI） score was calculated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and interleukin-10 （IL-10）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathomorphological changes of colon. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of farnesoid X receptor （FXR）， small heterodimer partner （SHP）， liver receptor homolog-1 （LRH-1）， cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase （CYP7A1）， and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 （FGFR4） in liver and FXR， sodium-dependent bile acid transporter （ASBT）， and fibroblast growth factor 15 （FGF15） in ileum. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the intestinal flora. Moreover， ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect the bile acid content. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed significantly decreased colon length， IL-10 content， α-diversity index， abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus， and content of deoxycholic acid （DCA） and lithocholic acid （LCA） （P<0.01）， significantly increased DAI score， IL-6 and TNF-α content， abundance of Bacteroidetes， and the content of cholic acid （CA）， chenodeoxycholic acid （CDCA）， and taurocholic acid （TCA） （P<0.05， P<0.01）， significantly down-regulated protein expression of FXR， SHP， and FGFR4 in liver and FXR， ASBT， and FGF15 in ileum （P<0.01）， and significantly up-regulated protein expression of LRH-1 and CYP7A1 in liver （P<0.01）. In addition， the structure of colonic mucosa was destroyed， and inflammatory cells infiltrated in the model group. Compared with the model group， Xielitang could significantly increase the colon length， IL-10 content， α-diversity index， the abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus， and DCA and LCA content （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decrease DAI score， abundance of Bacteroidetes， and the content of IL-6， TNF-α， CA， CDCA， and TCA （P<0.01）， up-regulate the protein expression of FXR， SHP， and FGFR4 in liver and FXR， ASBT， and FGF15 in ileum （P<0.01）， and down-regulate the protein expression of LRH-1 and CYP7A1 in liver （P<0.01）. The pathological damage of colonic mucosa was obviously alleviated. ConclusionXielitang protects against UC probably by regulating the "intestinal microbiota-bile acid" axis， regulating intestinal flora imbalance， and maintaining bile acid homeostasis.

Objective: To explore differences in the factors influencing parents and teachers assessments of preschool children s mental health using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), so as to provide reference for promoting children s mental health. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the SDQ survey data of 14 763 middle and senior kindergarten children in Nanshan District, Shenzhen, from March to June 2023. Chi square χ 2 tests were used to analyze differences in mental health assessments between parents and teachers. Multivariate Logistic regression was employed to examine the factors influencing parental assessments, and Kappa coefficients were used to evaluate the consistency between parent and teacher evaluations. Results: The positive rate of mental health problems reported by parents (7.2%) was significantly higher than that reported by teachers (6.2%) ( χ 2=254.27, P <0.01). Gender differences revealed that parents reported a lower positive rate for boys (7.9%) compared to teachers (8.5%), whereas for girls, the parental positive rate (6.4%) was higher than that reported by teachers (3.8%) ( χ 2=163.59, 81.26, all P <0.01). Age related differences showed that parental positive rates for 4, 5, and 6 year olds (8.5%, 7.4%, 5.8%) were consistently higher than teachers assessments (6.3%, 6.7%, 5.4%) ( χ 2=41.23, 157.53, 63.67, all P <0.05). Univariate analysis of parental assessments indicated higher positive rates among boys (7.9%), 4 year olds (8.5%), mothers aged 20-35 ( 6.6 %), mothers with high school education or below (9.8%), fathers aged 23-40 (6.4%), fathers with high school education or below (10.3%), and children exposed to secondhand smoke (7.9%) ( χ 2=23.56-235.24, all P <0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression identified lower parental education levels and exposure to secondhand smoke as significant risk factors for abnormal SDQ assessments by parents ( χ 2=2.05, 1.62, 3.15, all P <0.05). The Kappa coefficients for parent-teacher agreement across SDQ subscales and total difficulties ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 (all P <0.01). Conclusions Parental education level and exposure to secondhand smoke are significant factors influencing preschool children s mental health. Differences exist between parental and teacher assessments of children s mental health, and incorporating teacher evaluations can provide a more comprehensive understanding of preschoolers psychological well being.

Central nervous system（CNS） disorders are characterized by complex pathological mechanisms and the presence of the blood-brain barrier（BBB）， which significantly limits the effectiveness of drug therapy. Traditional drug delivery modes include oral administration， intravenous injection and transdermal delivery， which have certain advantages， but it is difficult for the drugs to effectively cross the BBB. Therefore， it is crucial to find drug delivery modes that can efficiently traverse the BBB. Nasal drug delivery， as a non-invasive method， can realize the targeted delivery of drugs to the CNS via three pathways， including olfactory neurons， trigeminal neurons and blood circulation， and shows a broad application prospect in the treatment of CNS diseases. Numerous studies have further confirmed that nasal drug delivery combined with novel drug delivery systems such as lipid nanocarriers， nanoparticles， nanoemulsions and composite in situ gels can effectively load the active components of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， and significantly increase drug concentration in the brain， which provides new strategies for the treatment of CNS diseases. In this paper， the current status of drug delivery for CNS diseases was systematically sorted out， the characteristics of nasal drug delivery were discussed in depth， and the research progress of passive targeting， active targeting， and "guiding the meridian" drug delivery strategies for the nasal-to-brain transport of TCM active components was summarized and analyzed， which was aimed to provide references and insights for the development of drugs for CNS diseases and the application of TCM in nasal-to-brain delivery.

Central nervous system（CNS） disorders are characterized by complex pathological mechanisms and the presence of the blood-brain barrier（BBB）， which significantly limits the effectiveness of drug therapy. Traditional drug delivery modes include oral administration， intravenous injection and transdermal delivery， which have certain advantages， but it is difficult for the drugs to effectively cross the BBB. Therefore， it is crucial to find drug delivery modes that can efficiently traverse the BBB. Nasal drug delivery， as a non-invasive method， can realize the targeted delivery of drugs to the CNS via three pathways， including olfactory neurons， trigeminal neurons and blood circulation， and shows a broad application prospect in the treatment of CNS diseases. Numerous studies have further confirmed that nasal drug delivery combined with novel drug delivery systems such as lipid nanocarriers， nanoparticles， nanoemulsions and composite in situ gels can effectively load the active components of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， and significantly increase drug concentration in the brain， which provides new strategies for the treatment of CNS diseases. In this paper， the current status of drug delivery for CNS diseases was systematically sorted out， the characteristics of nasal drug delivery were discussed in depth， and the research progress of passive targeting， active targeting， and "guiding the meridian" drug delivery strategies for the nasal-to-brain transport of TCM active components was summarized and analyzed， which was aimed to provide references and insights for the development of drugs for CNS diseases and the application of TCM in nasal-to-brain delivery.

This study aimed to comprehensively examine the association of gallstones, cholecystectomy, and cancer risk. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to estimate the observational associations of gallstones and cholecystectomy with cancer risk, using data from a nationwide cohort involving 239 799 participants. General and gender-specific two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was further conducted to assess the causalities of the observed associations. Observationally, a history of gallstones without cholecystectomy was associated with a high risk of stomach cancer (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-4.28), liver and bile duct cancer (aOR=2.46, 95% CI 1.17-5.16), kidney cancer (aOR=2.04, 95% CI 1.05-3.94), and bladder cancer (aOR=2.23, 95% CI 1.01-5.13) in the general population, as well as cervical cancer (aOR=1.69, 95% CI 1.12-2.56) in women. Moreover, cholecystectomy was associated with high odds of stomach cancer (aOR=2.41, 95% CI 1.29-4.49), colorectal cancer (aOR=1.83, 95% CI 1.18-2.85), and cancer of liver and bile duct (aOR=2.58, 95% CI 1.11-6.02). MR analysis only supported the causal effect of gallstones on stomach, liver and bile duct, kidney, and bladder cancer. This study added evidence to the causal effect of gallstones on stomach, liver and bile duct, kidney, and bladder cancer, highlighting the importance of cancer screening in individuals with gallstones.
Humans ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis ; Gallstones/complications* ; Female ; Male ; Cholecystectomy/statistics & numerical data* ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Aged ; Adult ; Neoplasms/etiology* ; Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology*

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of isoorientin on ulcerative colitis(UC)mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)and its mechanism.Methods Forty-eight C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,mesalazine group(600 mg·kg-1),isoorientin low dose group(25 mg·kg-1),isoorientin high dose group(50 mg·kg-1)and isoorientin control group(50 mg·kg-1),with eight mice in each group.Mice were free to drink 2%DSS solution to replicate UC model.After three weeks of experiment,each drug administration group was given corresponding drug by intragastric administration for four weeks.After the last administration,the body weight was weighed,blood was taken from eyeballs,and colon tissue was dissected.The pathological changes of colon were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)and alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff(AB-PAS)staining.The ultrastructure of colon tissue was observed by transmission electron microscope.Serum levels of interleukin(IL)-6,IL-8,IL-10,IL-1β,tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and myeloperoxidase(MPO)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The expression of galectin-3(Gal-3)protein in colon tissue of mice was detected by immunohistochemistry analysis.The expression of MUC2 and the co-localization of NOD-like receptor heat protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein(ASC)were detected by immunofluorescence assay.The protein expression of Gal-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,IL-18,Occludin,and zonula occludens protein-1(ZO-1)in colon tissue of mice were detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with the control group,the body weight and colon length in the model group were shortened significantly,while the index of colonic weight of mice were increased significantly(P＜0.01).The intestinal mucosal structure of mice was disordered,the microvilli were sparse,the crypt structure was infiltrated by a large number of inflammatory cells,mitochondria were significantly swollen,and goblet cells were obviously decreased.Serum levels of IL-6,IL-8,IL-1β,TNF-α,LPS,and MPO were significantly increased,while IL-10 level was significantly decreased(P＜0.01).The positive expression of MUC2 protein in colon tissue was decreased and the co-localization of NLRP3 and ASC was enhanced.The protein expression of Gal-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,and IL-18 in colon tissue were significantly increased,and the protein expression of Occludin and ZO-1 were significantly decreased(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the body weight and colon length of mice in isoorientin low-and high-dose groups were significantly increased,the index of colonic weight of mice was apparently decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The structure of intestinal mucosa,microvilli and mitochondria recovered obviously,inflammatory infiltration was alleviated,and goblet cells were increased obviously.Serum levels of IL-6,IL-8,IL-1β,TNF-α,LPS,and MPO were significantly decreased,while IL-10 level was significantly increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The positive expression of MUC2 protein in colon tissue was increased and the co-localization of NLRP3 and ASC was reduced.The protein expression of Gal-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,and IL-18 in colon tissue were significantly decreased,and the protein expression of Occludin and ZO-1 were significantly increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusion Isoorientin has a great therapeutic effect on DSS-induced UC mice.Its mechanism may be related to the protection of intestinal mucosal barrier by Gal-3/NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathway.

In traditional clinical teaching of impacted tooth extraction, there are problems including limited observation fields for students, insufficient doctor-patient communication training, inadequate clinical thinking development, and low levels of clinical participation. Based on the core elements of visualizing jaw structure with perspective, formulating clinical strategy, immersing in clinical participation, and cultivating the spirit of caregiving, we developed a virtual reality simulation teaching platform for the clinical decision analysis of impacted tooth extraction. The virtual simulation-based platform can create three different impacted tooth scenarios in 3D, which demonstrates the process of clinical decision analysis of impacted tooth extraction through virtuality-reality interaction, allowing students to immerse in the discovery, analysis, and resolution of the medical and humanistic problems in the process of impacted tooth extraction. The questionnaire survey showed that 81.36% (48/59) of the students believed that the software could improve their clinical thinking ability; 76.27% (45/59) of the students believed that it could help them master the basic process of impacted tooth extraction; and 62.71% (37/59) of the students believed that it could improve their skills of impacted tooth extraction. By providing immersive learning experience, constructive teaching design, and multi-dimensional teaching evaluation, the software achieved the goals of cultivating students' clinical thinking ability and professional literacy in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Objective:To examine the effect of stereotype threats on negative basic and self-conscious emo-tions among university students.Methods:Using gender-mathematics stereotype threat as the threatening scenario,this research recruited female university students who were not majoring in mathematics or psychology.Experiment 1(n=162)manipulated stereotype threat,while Experiment 2 manipulated self-concept threat(Experiment 2a,n=143)and group-concept threat(Experiment 2b,n=146),respectively,based on the multi-threat frame-work.Negative basic emotions(anger/irritable,fear)and self-conscious emotions(shame,guilt)were assessed.Results:Participants in the stereotype threat group demonstrated higher scores in negative basic and self-conscious emotions compared to those in the non-stereotype threat group(Ps＜0.05).Individuals in the self-con-cept threat group exhibited higher scores in negative basic and self-conscious emotions than those in the no self-con-cept threat group(Ps＜0.05).Individuals in the group-concept threat group displayed lower scores in negative basic and self-conscious emotions compared to those in the no group-concept threat group(Ps＜0.05).Conclusion:This study suggests that the emotional effects of stereotype threat may vary depending on the type of threat.

Objective:To study effects of different pretreatment methods on the detection of pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix,ChrysanthemI Flos,Lych Fructus,Astragali Radix and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos.Methods:The samples were treated with QuEChERS method and high-speed homogenization combined with hydro-phile-lipophile balance(HLB)solid-phase extraction method,and the residual amounts of carbofuran,3-carboxyl-carbofuran,phorate,phorate sulfone,phorate sulfoxide,and methyl isoflurophos were simultaneously determined using UHPLC-MS/MS.With a gradient elutionof 0.1％formic acid solution containing 5 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate and t 0.1％formic acid solution containing 5 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate-acetonitrile(volume ratio of 5:95),Ultra-performance liquid chromatography column Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C18(2.1 mm × 100 mm,2.7μm)was used at 35 ℃ and the electrospray ion source was scanned in the positive ion mode and detected in the multiple reaction monitoring mode in mass spectrometry.Results:The deviation of the results measured by QuECh-ERS method and HLB solid-phase extraction method was between 9.09％-55.56％.Conclusion:In the selection of the pretreatment method for the detection of pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicine,it is recommen-ded to take the measurement data of positive samples as the evaluation index and basis,and choose the method with higher measurement value and high extraction efficiency.

Objective To summarise and analyse the qualitative studies on the factors that influence patient involvement in decision-making for the initial administration of insulin for the patients with Type II diabetes,from the perspectives of patients and healthcare staff in order to provide a reference to promote patient involvement in decision-making.Methods Systematic searches were conducted across databases,such as CINAHL,Cochrane Library,EMBASE,PubMed,Web of Science,PsycINFO,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data,VIP,and SinoMed,for qualitative studies on the factors that affect patient involvement in initial insulin decision-making for the patients with Type II diabetes.The search was limited to articles from the inception of the databases to 30th September,2023.Quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)evidence-based healthcare centre for qualitative research quality assessment tool.The results were integrated using a synthesising integration method.Results A total of 19 articles were included,yielding 20 study results,which were categorised into 7 themes of patient decision-making related values,patient role preferences in decision-making,condition of patient,the role of healthcare staff in patient participation in decision-making,professional quality of healthcare staff,relationship between patient and healthcare staff,and the support from a medical institution.The data were ultimately integrated into 4 overarching themes of patient personal factors,healthcare staff factors,patient-staff interaction factors and medical institution factors.Conclusion The involvement of the patients with Type II diabetes in the decision-making for the initial administration of insulin is influenced by patients themselves,healthcare staff and medical institutions.It requires efforts of multiple parties:not only with the patients actively participate in decision-making,but also with the healthcare staff and institutions who provide effective decision supports.