Recent studies have shown that berberine is hypoglycemic and capable of improving insulin resistance,but the exact mechanism remains unknown.This article reviews the papers published in recent years concerning the clinical efficacy of berberine and its relevant mechanisms in improving insulin resistance.

Objective To explore the chromosome abnormality characteristics and ethnic differences in patients with M2 subtype acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M2) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Methods The chromosome karyotypes of 80 cases of AML-M2 were detected by using 24 hours short-term culture method and R banding technique.The chromosome abnormality characteristics and ethnic differences were analyzed.Results In 80 patients,48.75 ％ (39/80) patients had abnormal chromosome karyotype,with t(8;21) abnormaled in 48.71％ (19/39),including pure t(8;21) [15.38 ％ (6/39)] and t(8;21) with other chromosomal abnormalities [33.3 ％ (13/39)],witch majority with t(8;21) and lack of sex chromosome (-X or -Y) [23.08 ％ (9/39)].51.28 ％ (20/39) patients with the exception of t(8;21) chromosomal abnormalities.The differences of abnormal chromosome karyotype in Han and Uygur patients were statistically significant [62.50 ％ (25/40) vs 35.00 ％ (14/40),x2 =16.66,P ＜ 0.01].Conclusion The chromosome karyotype characteristics of Han and Uygur M2 patients exist differences.

Objective:To observe effects of wrist-ankle acupuncture (WAA) onβ-endorphin (EP), nitric oxide (NO) in uterus tissue and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), substance P (SP) in serum of rats with primary dysmenorrhea. Methods:A total of 45 non-pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group and a WAA group, 15 rats in each group. Rats in the model group and the WAA group received continuous abdominal subcutaneous injection of Diethylstilbestrol to establish dysmenorrhea rat models. On the first day after modeling, rats in the WAA group began to receive acupuncture on Point Lower 1 and Point Lower 2, once a day for 10 d. The control group and the model group didn’t receive any treatment. Writhing latencies and frequencies were recorded.β-EP and NO in uterus tissue homogenates and PGF2α, SP in serum were detected. Results:In the model group,β-EP and NO levels were the lowest among the groups, the serum PGF2α level was the highest, and serum SP level was the lowest. These measurements showed significantly difference between the model group and the control group (P<0.05). PGF2α in the WAA group was lower than that in the model group;β-EP, NO and SP levels were higher than those in the model group, with inter-group statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion: WAA may achieve analgesic effect through decreasing PGF2α, increasingβ-EP, NO and SP to relieve uterine cramps, increase blood flow and promote functional improvement.

Objective To examine the use of combination probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in detecting common chromosome abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS),and compare conventional cytogenetic analysis (CCA) with FISH in the role of MDS detection.Methods The chromosome abnormalities of No.5,No.7,No.8,No.20 and Y chromosome in 51 cases of MDS and 10 cases of normal controls were compared by CCA and FISH.Results 51 cases of MDS patients were found by CCA that 43.14 ％ (22/51) had chromosome anomaly,showing 33.33 ％ (17/51) abnormalities in above five chromosomes [-5/5q-abnormal 11.76 ％ (6/51),-7/7q-abnormal 11.76 ％ (6/51),+8 anomaly 11.76 ％ (6/51),and q-abnormal 9.80 ％ (5/51),-Y anomaly 3.92 ％ (2/51),respectively].Abnormalities in other chromosomes were 9.80 ％ (5/51).4 cases had abnormal numbers,8 cases had abnormal structures,1 case had abnormalities in both numbers and structures,and 9 cases were diagnosed with complex anomaly.FISH with probe combination detected 22 positive cases (43.1％),among which were-5/5q-abnormal 11.76 ％(6/51),-7/7q-abnormal 15.69 ％ (8/51),+8 anomaly 13.73 ％ (7/51),q-abnormal 13.73 ％ (7/51),and-Y anomaly 3.92 ％ (2/51),respectively.Conclusion Combination of CCA and FISH can improve the detection rate of MDS chromosome anomaly.FISH can identify and correct the false negatives by CCA.

Objective To explore the effects of drugs on functions of mitochondria in retinal nerve cells, and to lay a foundation of the investigation of drug protection for retinal nerve cells. Methods Cultivation of the retinal nerve cells of 8 eyes of neonatal calves was performed. The changes of fluorescent density of the mitochondria of cultured cells labeled by dye rhodamine 123 (Rh123) before and after the activation of the medicines, including ferulic acid (FA), arginine, glycine, taurine, vitamine E and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) respectively, were detected by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Results FA with the concentration of 500 ?g/ml led the diphasic variation of the fluorescent intensity of mitochondria. After scanning for 60.772 seconds when treated with FA firstly, the fluorescent intensity decreased rapidly (from 45.425?4.153 to 22.135?5.293); while after 112.774 seconds when treated secondly, the intensity increased obviously (from 19.655?4.383 to 28.247?4.764), and after 168.773 seconds when treated thirdly the intensity still increased. After scanning for 56.457 seconds when treated with vitamin E (12.5 mg/ml), the fluorescent intensity increased obviously (from 88.255?5.039 to 111.273?4.529), which suggested that vitamin E with the concentration of 12.5 mg/ml strengthen the fluorescent intensity. After scanning for 58.147 and 134.148 seconds when treated with BDNF (50 ng/ml) respectively, the fluorescent intensity increased obviously (from 69.115?5.038 to 77.225?5.131) which suggested that BDNF with the concentration of 50 ng/ml led the increase of the fluorescent intensity. Glycine (2.5 mg/ml) and arginine(30 mg/ml) didn't affect the fluorescent intensity of mitochondria, and taurine (6.25 mg/ml) caused the appreciable decrease of the fluorescent intensity. Conclusion FA, BDNF and vitamin E may promote the metabolism of retinal nerve cells via the path of mitochondria, while amino acids may adjust the activation of retinal nerve cells through other ways.

ObjectiveTo observe the therapeutic efficacy of warm needling plus acupoint injection in treating post-stroke urinary retention.MethodSeventy eligible subjects with post-stroke urinary retention were randomized into a treatment group of 35 cases and a control group of 35 cases. The treatment group was intervened by warm needling plus acupoint injection, while the control group was by warm needling alone. The relevant symptoms of urinary retention were observed before and after treatment.Result After 1-week treatment, the retention condition was improved in both groups, and the treatment group was significantly superior to the control group (P<0.05); The 2-week and 1-month follow-up studies showed that the retention condition in the treatment group was significantly better than that in the control group (P<0.05). The adverse events in the treatment group were significantly less than that in thecontrol group (P<0.05).ConclusionWarm needling plus acupoint injection can produce a satisfactory efficacy in treating post-stroke urinary retention and is worth application in clinic. However, this method still needs improving as its effect on initialurination and urination duration is not significant.

Objective To discuss the relationship betwee n chromosome abnormalities and disease progress and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Methods The karyotype of 56 patients with CLL were analyzed, and combined probe was applied to do fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detection. Results Conventional cytogenetics detection found abnormal karyotype in 26 cases (46.4 %), by comparing the median overall survival (OS), the normal karyotype group (>31.9 months) and abnormal group (24.0 months) had statistically difference (χ2=6.60, P<0.05). FISH detected genetic abnormality in 38 cases (67.9 %), whose abnormal detection rate was significantly higher than the conventional chromosome group (χ2=9.874, P<0.01), RB1 was 33.9%(19/56), D13S25 was 46.4%(26/56), ATM was 16.1%(9/56), p53 was 12.5 % (7/56). 21 cases involved 1 kind of genetic abnormality, 12 cases involved 2 kinds of genetic abnormalities, 4 cases involved 3 kinds of genetic abnormalities, 1 case involved 4 kinds of genetic abnormalities. According to the modified installment Rai, involving genetic abnormality species distribution in the low risk and high risk group had statistically difference (χ2 = 11.77, P< 0.05). The median OS of D13S25, RB1 normal and abnormal patients had no difference (P>0.05), the OS of patients with p53 or ATM gene abnormality was significantly shorter than that of normal patients. Compared with the patients without genetic abnormality and with 1, 2 or 3 kinds of gene abnormalities, the patients with 4 kinds of gene abnormalities had minimum median OS. According to the modified installment Rai, the OS rate of low and intermediate risk group was higher than that of low risk group (χ2= 10.61, P< 0.05). According to the modified installment Binet stage,the OS rate of stage C was lower than that of stage B (χ2= 6.60, P< 0.05). Conclusion The prognosis of CLL patients in same risk group is very strong heterogeneity, cytogenetics changes and biological indicator are the important prognostic factors of CLL.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of chromosome kayotypes and the relationship between the prognosis and chromosome karyotypes in subtypes of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).Methods The study retrospectively analyzed the characteristics of chromosome karyotype of initially diagnosed 151 MDS patients and investigated the rate and time of leukemia transformation and mortality,IPSS score,and compare the ethnic differences of Han and Uyghurs.Results Abnormal karyotype detection rate was 55.0 ％ (83/151),including simple abnormalities was 53.0 ％ (44/83),complex abnormalities was 47.0％ (39/83).h showed that common abnormal karyotype include-5/5q-,-7/7q-,+8,-20/20q-,-X/-Y,i(17q),9p-/9q-,+21.IPSS score had differences among subtypes (x2 =117.802,P ＜ 0.01).The detection rates of abnormal chromosome had significantly differences between each group,the abnormal karyotype detection rate in high-risk group was significantly higher than those in low risk group and moderate group(P ＜ 0.05).Followup 31 months (5-68 months) and found that the rates of leukemia transformation and mortality were 25.2 ％ (38/151) and 43.7 ％ (66/151),the rates of leukemia transformation and mortality in abnormal karyotype group were significantly higher than those in normal karyotype group (P ＜ 0.05).The median survival time in abnormal karyotype was shorter than that in normal one.The distribution of Han and Uyghur patients with MDS subtypes,the characteristics of abnormal karyotype,the rates of leukemia transformation and the rates of mortality had no statistical difference (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Abnormal chromosome karyotype is important index for disease progression and prognosis of MDS patients.

Objective To explore the chromosome kauotype characteristics and the relationship with curative effect in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).Methods The bone marrow cells were collected using a short-term culture method.The R banding technique of chromosome karyotype analysis was used in 80 cases of ALL patients.Results Normal karyotype were found in 53 cases (66.2 ％),and abnormal karyotype in 27 cases (33.8 ％),including structure of chromosome karyotype in 10 cases (12.5 ％),chromosome numerical abnormality in 2 cases (2.5 ％),abnormal complex karyotype in 15 cases (18.8 ％).According to the classification number of distortion,it was found that ＞ 50 diploid in 2 cases (2.5 ％),47-50 diploid in 5 cases (6.25 ％),false diploid in 18 cases (22.5 ％),normal diploid in 53 cases (66.25 ％),the diploid in 2 cases (2.5 ％),it did not shown any karyotype was triploid or nearly four times.The curative effect of normal karyotype was superior to that of the abnormal karyotype (x2 =19.371,P ＜ 0.01),that of complex karyotype had poorer than that of other karyotype (x2 =9.145,P =0.004),and patients accompaning with the t(9;22)(q34;q11) had poorer than that of other karyotype (x2 =5.785,P =0.021).Conclusions The abnormal chromosome karyotype is random.More common abnormal karyotype is complex karyotype and t(9;22) (q34;q11),which curative effects are poorer.

Objective To establish a culture system in vitro of adult human retinal neural cells for providing a model for the research of retinal neural cells. Design Experimental study. Participants Cultured adult human retinal neural cells. Methods The isolated cells from adult human postmortem retina (20?40 years old) were cultured, then cells of different stages were identified with immunocytochemical staining and judged with phase contrast microscopy and electron microscopy. Main Outcome Measures Cellular morphology and structure. Results (1) The results of cell culture: the adult retinal neural cells could survive in vitro under some conditions and were identified as NSE positive mostly. (2) The results of electron microscopy: most cultured cells were photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells and some were glial cells with scanning electron microscopy. Conclusions Under feasible conditions, the adult human retinal neural cells could be cultured and maintained effectively in vitro.