The origin, course, and distribution of the arterial branches of the interatrial septum were studied using 90 human heart specimens (60 ABS casts and 30 transparent specimens).1. There is the branch of the S-A node artery (90 cases, 100%), the A-V node artery (90 cases, 100%), the v-A node artery (90 cases, 100%), Kugel's artery (84 cases, 93.3%), the posterior branch of the left atrium (5 cases, 5.6%), the terminal ramus of the left circumflex branch (4 cases, 4.4%), etc.2. The anastomosis of the interatrial septa of 75 heart specimens were observed. The anastomosis of interatrial septa occurs in 23 cases (30.7%). The common anastomosis site is the circumferential bound of the interatrial septum and the inferior part of the fossa ovalis. 3. The interatrial septum presents more sections of the coronary anastomosis that become the important way of forming the collateral circulation among the coronary arteries. This anastomosis is of great importance in clinical practice.

The shape and position of the central fibrous body (CFB) and the relation between the CFB and the conduction system were observed in 30 human hearts (children: 25 cases, adult: 5 cases) in serial sections.The shape of the CFB was wedge-shaped. The CFB of each child was horizontal in position, but the CFB of each adult was nearly sagittal in position.A-V node was a long sagittal flat structure. Its left surface contacted with the CFB and the left surface of A-V node often extended processes into the CFB in the children. The processes were called archipelagos. About 80 percent of the children with superficial archipelagos, and 16 percent with deep archipelagos. The superficial archipelagos in the adults was only found in one case, but the deep archipelagos were not seen.His bundle more permanently penetrated into the right inferior part of the CFB.

Objective To explore the effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper limbs of hemiplegic cerebral palsy in occupational therapy. Methods 30 children of hemiplegic cerebral palsy were divided into control group (n=15) and observation group (n=15). Both groups received conventional occupational therapy, the observation group received constraint-induced movement therapy additionally. Their upper limb function were assessed before and 6 months after treatment. Results The scores improved in both groups after treatment (P<0.05). The score were significantly higher in observation group than control group (P<0.01). Conclusion Constraint-induced movement therapy can improve the upper limb function of hemiplegic cerebral palsy in occupational therapy.

The morphology and position of the AV node and AV bundle were observed in 13 human hearts with serial sections. 1.the AV node is a long sagittal flatt ened structure, its transverse section is triangular in shape with a right convex surface, sometimes the cross section is fusiform or half oval in shape. Its size is 3.5x3.3x1.1 mm in adult. In 5 cases the endocardium lying on the right surface of the AV node is elevated.2.The AV node is situated in the upper border of the atrioventricular septum (between the levels of the attachment lines of the mitral and tricuspid valves). The adult AV node is 1.8-5.8 mm anterior to the coronary sinus orifice, 0.3-0.7 mm from the endocardium of the right atrium, 3.3-7.5 mm above the upper border of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. The left surface of the AV node contacts with the central fibrous body.3.The AV node can be divided in 2 parts: superficial and deep, the fibers of the super ficial part are longitudinal in sections and end in the lower border of the AV node. In one case, the deep part is subdivided in an upper part and a lower part. In the specimens in which the right atrial endocardium lying on the right surface of the AV node is elevated, the overlaying fibers end in the endocardium. At the upper border, right surface, and posterior margin of the AV node, there are atrial fibers ending to the AV node. 4. The adult AV bundle is 5.7-7.9 mm long, 1.1-1.5 mm in diameter. Its anterior part is on top of the muscular interventricular septum in 7 specimens, on its left surface in 3 specimens, and in the substance of the muscular interventricular septum in 2 specimens. In one case its course is very special, at first on the top of muscular interventricular septum, then at its left surface, finally in the substance of the right part of the muscular interventricular septum.

Using the angiography and the corrosion methods we studied the arterial distribution of the papillary muscles of the left ventricle in llo dog hearts, according to the peculiarities of vasculature, disscused the influence of obstruction of coronary artery upon the papillary muscle.The anterior and posterior papillary muscles in dog all are tethered type. The average length and width of anterior papillary muscle are 1.96 cm. and 1.10cm, respectively, while those in the posterior papillary muscle are 2.04 cm. and 1.20 cm. respectively.The origins of arterial blood supply of anterior papillary muscle may be classiffied into 4 types, type Ⅰ, in which the arterial branehes are from the anterior descending artery, is in leading position(71%); type Ⅱ, in which branches are both from the anterior descending and left circumflex arteries, is in the next place(18%). Origins of arterial branches of posterior papillary muscle are classed under 2 types: type Ⅰ, in which all arterial branches are from the left circumflex artery, is the most, 91%, among them 65% from the posterior branch of the left ventricle.The peculiarities of arterial distribution in papillary muscles are as follows: 1. All artery branch entering the papillary muscle are of Class B. 2. All are segmental distribution in papillary muscles. Each muscle recieyes 2-9 branches, mostly 5 or 6 branches. 3. Each half of one papillary muscle recieves several branches symmetrically. 4. The arrangement of hrauches may be classiffied into several types; mixed type is the most, then comes the transverse type. 5. The branches anastomose each other to form the subendocardial plexus, which is most evident in the middle and upper third of the papillary muscle.

This thesis is the study of the morphology and arterial supply of the papillary musclcs of the left ventricle of 104 human hearts. The maim me-thod used is angiography and corrosion. The commonest number of the anteri-or and posterior papillary muscles is one. In 72 hearts there are musculartrabeculae by which the papillary muscle is attached to the wall of the leftventricle. The projection of the auterior papillary muscle of the left ven-tricle on the heart surface lies most frequently on the middle third regionof a supposed "#"-form region. There are three types of attachment of thepapillary muscle: the free, the attached and the intermidiate, among whichthe largest number is the first type. The arteries supplying the anteriorpapillary muscle are the branches of the anterior descending artery, theleft circumflex artery or these two. Each of the three types amounts to30% or so; the posterior papillary muscle is mostly supplied by the leftventricular posterior branches of the right circumflex artery 9.6 % ). The blood vessels in the papillary muscle belong to class B, each of the papillarymuscles containing 1--3 major vessels measured 0. 1--1 mm in diameter.The three vascular distribution types in the papillary muscle are of axis,segment and mixtnre, and the axial type is most commonly seen of all. Thevascular distribution type j? of certain relation to the attachment type ofthe papillary muscle. The axial distribution is frequently found in the freetype of the papillary muscle. The arteries distributes on either side of thepapillary muscle.

Objective To provide transverse sectional anatomical basis for imaging diagnosis of the disease of thigh.Methods 10 right thigh of male adult cadavers (fresh 5,fixed by formalin 5) were used.After the CT and MR imaging examination,all specimens were frozen and cut into 3 transverse sections(upper 1/3,middle 1/3 and lower 1/3).Results The morphological characteristics and the law of variation of the structure,relation,blood vessels and nerves on all transverse sections of thigh were observed.The compact substance and medullary cavity in the middle 1/3 and lower 1/3 of the femurs were measured and compared with the corresponding CT and MR imaging.The significances of all anatomical structures in the imaging diagnostics and the interventional radiology were discussed as well.Conclusion The understanding of the detail sectional anatomy of thigh has an important significance for imaging diagnosis of the disease of thigh.

Background The residual astigmatism following Toric intraocular lens (IOL) rotation have received much attention.However,the variation of the optical performance and the wavefront abrrveation with Toric IOL rotation are unclear.Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the optical performance,wavefront abrrveation and residual diopter spherical and cylinder lens with Toric IOL rotation.Methods T3,T4 and T5 Toric IOLs of +22.0 D were placed in Hwey-Lan Liou model eye respectively,with the posterior surface flat on the X axis and steep on the Y axis.Corneal astigmatism model was established by mimicing the model eye with Toric IOL using Zemax optical software.Then the Toric IOLs were rotated 5° to 10° individually under the 4 mm pupil diameter and 550 nm monochromatic light,and the image performance and wavefront abrrveation were recorded with all conditions,including modulation transfer function (MTF),out-of-focus aberration,astigmatism aberration,coma,trefoil aberration and spherical aberration.The refractive error of spherical power and cylinder power were calculated.Results Corneal astigmatism was fully corrected when Toric IOLs in the middle,and the MTF curves were near in T3,T4,T5 Toric IOLs.The image performance was worse under the high spatial frequency with the increase of rotation degrees of Toric IOLs,showing the gradually low of MTF curves,especially T5 Toric IOL.No obvious changes was seen in coma,trefoil aberration and spherical aberration after rotation of Toric IOLs,while out-of-focus aberration,astigmatism aberration were obviously increased.In addition,residual astigmatism and spherical error increase with the rotation of Toric IOLs.Conclusions Toricl IOL rotation leads to increase of astigmatism and spherical refractive error but not high order aberration.

Objective To explore the clinical manifestation, diagnosis and prognosis of Leigh syndrome in children. Method Clinical data from 4 cases of Leigh syndrome conifrmed by genetic testing were retrospectively analyzed. The related literature were reviewed. Results In 4 cases, 3 were boys and one was a girl, 3 cases were onset in infant and one case was in school age. The main manifestations were mental retardation, low muscle tone, convulsions, feeding dififculties, drooping eyelids, extraocular muscle paralysis and nystagmus, irritation, activity intolerance etc. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed symmetry long T1, T2 abnormal signal in brainstem, bilateral globus pallidus, thalamus, cerebellar dentate nuclei, and periaqueductal, 3 cases involved midbrain, one case involved thalamus, and one case involved cerebellar dentate nuclei;2 cases had encephalatrophy. Electromyography was normal in all cases. The levels of lactate in blood and cerebrospinal lfuid were increased. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) detection found the mutation of mtDNA 8993 T>G in one case, and the mutation of mtDNA 9176 T>C in another 3 cases. The case onset in school age died of respiratory failure one month later, and another 3 cases were still in follow up, there were mental retardation, but no signiifcant setback. Conclusion The clinical manifestations of Leigh syndrome in children are diverse. The diagnosis is based on the typical clinical manifestations and MRI, blood and/or cerebrospinal lfuid lactate levels. The genetic testing is the golden standard for diagnosis.

Objective To observe the myocardial protective effect of dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing open-heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods 50 patients of open-heart surgery under CPB were randomly divided into two groups equally, namely observation group and control group.Observation group was treated with injection of dexmedetomidine at 0.5 μg/kg for 15 min, and then maintained at 0.4 μg/kgoh.The control group was given equal volume of normal saline.Concentrations of IMA and cTnI were determined before anaesthesia (t0), after 30 minutes of CPB (t1) and after surgery (t2).Results IMA and cTnI concentrations of t1 and t2 in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine has obvious protective effect on myocardium, which can reduce open-heart surgery of patients with myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI).