Vitamin is necessary and important for humans and an-imals to maintain normal physiological function, metabolism, and growth. The studies suggest that vitamin is one of the factors which play a role in the activity of enzymes, and it is coenzyme of many enzyme or an important component of coenzyme. The lack of vitamins causes a metabolic vitamin deficiency. Pharma-cogenomics research the relationship between human genetic vari-ation and drug reaction, using the information to solve the differ-ent reactions among the different individuals of the same drug. Vitamins, which constitute human tissues and maintain normal physiological functions, are also an important part for the phar-macogenomics study.

With more and more international medical students studying medicine in China,international medical education becomes an important part of Chinese medical education.By integration of basic and clinical pharmacology,the teaching mode of theory,experiment,problem based learning and seminar was applied to the international medical students according to their characteristics and specificity.75％,80％ and 70％ of the total international medical students respectively passed the two consecutive final exams and one pharmacology group exam.Through the teaching of pharmacology for international medical students major in MBBS,this author aims to explore the teaching mode of pharmacology for the international medical students.

Objective To observe the effect of local pain alleviation by wet compress with room temperature and low temperature lidocaine and cold wet compress in fructose infusion in children. Meth-ods 120 children patients with pain during fructose infusion were randomly divided into the wet compress group, the room temperature lidocaine group and the low temperature lidocaine group with 40 cases in each group. The analgesic effect was observed in the three groups. Results Analgesic effect of the low temper-ature lidocaine group was significantly better than the other two groups. Conclusions The wet compress with low temperature lidocaine can relieve the local pain in fructose infusion in children.

Life care education,ideological and political education in colleges and universities are important components of higher education.Loss in the life care education,which is prone to be the ignorance of human and human lives in the educational practice,is attracting increasing attention.This paper discusses the status quo and problems in life care,the necessities and approaches in carrying out life care education.

Objective To provide guidance for clinical prevention and treatment of bleeding during percutaneous nephrolithotomy( PC-NL) . Methods The clinical data of 1 012 patients with intraoperative and postoperative bleeding during percutaneous nephrolithotomy in our urology department were collected,hemorrhoea occurred on 36 cases,the occurrence rate was 3. 56%. The incidence,correlation with cal-culi,diabetes mellitus,examination item,technical operation were analyzed and compared. Results The incidence was 5. 52% for patients with complicated calculi. The incidence of delayed massive haemorrhage has been increased postoperatively in the diabetes mellitus patients. This incidence was 1. 81% for patients with preoperative examination. Along with the extension of time in carrying out technology,PCNL asso-ciated bleeding incidence decreased year by year. Conclusion The occurrence of haemorrhage associated with PCNL could be decreased by correctly handling complicated calculi,preoperative examination,keeping blood glucose homeostasis and improving the manipulation ability of operator.

ObjectiveReport an operation of off-pump occlusion of trans-thoracic minimal invasive surgery (OPOTTMIS) adopted on the therapy of 92 patients suffered with simple congenital heart diseases (CHD) of atrial septal defect ( ASD),ventricular septal defect ( VSD ) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and summarize the experiences.Methods The clinical data of 92 CHD patients administrated with OPOTTMIS in our hospital during the time of July 2008 and July 2011 were analyzed retrospectively.Moreover,the relevant literatures were reviewed and the different kinds of treatments and their outcomes of CHD were compared.These patients were 3-56 years old and weighed 8.0-54.5 kg,with male and female 38 and 54 cases,including ASD 52 cases,VSD 26 cases and PDA 14 cases,respectively.Within the initial 3 months of postoperation,all the patients were followed up and managed to take the re-examination with electrocardiogram and echocardiogram one time for each month,and 3 months later,at least one time for every 3-6 months.Results91 cases were performed the OPTTMIS procedure successfully,1 child with sieve-like ASD transferred to open-heart surgery and 1 adult( 1.1％ ) PDA died on the second day after operation for the pulmonary hypertension crisis.4 cases appeared mild residual shunt including 2 of ASD,1 of VSD and 1 of PDA.2 cases showed Ⅱ stage atrial ventricular block ( AVB ) within ASD and VSD,respectively.Also,post-operation hemothorax happened to 1 case ASD and 1 case VSD for the active bleeding of cardiac puncture site and the exploration and hemostatic operation were performed.91 (98.9％) patients were performed the OPOTTMIS operation successfully,the total complications within 72 hours was 6.5％ (6/92),respectively.There were no heavy complications happened during peri-operation such as cardiac rupture,infective endocarditis,stroke,hemolytic and thrombus formation.90 patients outcomes of 3 months to 4 years follow-up with the ECG and UCG examination showed that there were no Ⅲ stage atrioventricular block,no obvious occluder shift and broken and no moderate cardiac valve regurgitation,no evident blood flow restriction of left ventricular outflow tract and descending aorta,only found mild residual shunt within 2 cases ( VSD and PDA each) and heart expansion compared to pre-operation within 2 PDA patients.However,all the patients'heart functions were in grade Ⅰ to grade Ⅱ according to NYHA standard.ConclusionOPOTTMIS is a safe,feasible and effective option on simple congenital heart diseases.

ObjectiveTo investigate the significance of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) S-100B protein and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the pathogenesis of brain injury of viral encephalitis.MethodsForty-two patients with viral encephalitis (viral encephalitis group) and 40 patients with other disease at the corresponding time period(control group) were involved in this study.CSF (routine,biochemistry and cytology) was detected,and the levels of S-100B protein and VEGF in CSF were detected by ABC-ELISA method.ResultsWhite blood cell count was (0-584) × 106/L in viral encephalitis group,and (0-200) × 106/L in control group.The levels of protein and glucose in CSF had no significant difference between two groups (P＞ 0.05),and the level of chloride in CSF in viral encephalitis group was significantly lower than that in control group[ ( 110.10 ± 31.22 ) mmol/L vs.( 123.80 ± 6.32 ) mmol/L ] (P =0.006).In viral encephalitis group,cytological examination showed that mixed type cytological reaction was in 6 cases (14.3％,6/42).The level of S-100B protein in viral encephalitis group [25.04-47.97 (28.37 ± 6.09) ng/L] was significantly higher than that in control group[ 25.04-29.64(26.03 ± 0.90) ng/L ] (t =2.462,P =0.018).The level of VEGF in viral encephalitis group[88.84～143.77(96.24 ± 13.38) ng/L] was significantly higher than that in control group [89.15～96.18 (90.67 ± 1.71 ) ng/L] (t =2.673,P =0.011 ).ConclusionsThe high levels of S-100B protein and VEGF in CSF could support the viral encephalitis diagnosis.Tracking the levels of S-100B protein and VEGF in CSF dynamically have noticeable effect on checking the condition of viral encephalitis patients.

Objective To study the correlation between individual gene polymorphisms of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 + 869 T/C,tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) + 1525 G/A genes and nodular thyroid disease.Methods From September 2007 to December 2009,a total of 544 patients with nodular thyroid disease diagnosed in the Department of Endocrinology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College,Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology were selected,including 136 cases of nodular goiter patients (node group),132 cases of thyroid tumor (adenoma group),146 cases of Graves patients (GD group),and 130 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT group).One hundred and thirty-five healthy subjects were enrolled as control group.Two milliliters of fasting venous blood of all subjects were collected.Polymorphisms of the TGF-β1 + 869 T/C and the TRAIL 1525 A/G genes were identified by the polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods.Results TGF-β1 + 869 T/C:The CC genotypes and C allele frequencies of nodular goiter group [47.0％(64/136),63.2％(172/ 272)] were significantly higher than those of normal control group [18.0％(22/135),45.2％ (122/270); x2 =30.76,17.79,all P ＜ 0.05].The genotypes and allele frequencies of adenoma group[42.4％ (56/132),59.1％ (156/264)] were significantly higher than those of the normal control group (x2 =24.40,10.34,all P ＜ 0.05).The risk of population carrying the C allele suffering from nodular goiter was 2.086 times of those carrying the T allele (OR =2.086; 95％ CI:1.480-2.943).The risk of population carrying the C allele suffering from adenoma was 1.752 times of those carrying the T allele (OR =1.752,95％ CI:1.244-2.469).TRAIL + 1525 G/A:the genotypes and allele frequencies of nodular goiter group [40.4％ (55/136),62.9％ (171/272)] were significantly higher than those of normal control group [12.0％ (16/135),48.5％ (131/270); x2 =9.176,11.307,all P ＜ 0.05].The genotypes and allele frequencies of adenoma group[53.3％ (70/132),73.1％ (193/264)] were significantly higher than those of the normal control group (x2 =9.806,33.82,all P ＜ 0.05).The risk of population carrying the G allele suffering from nodular goiter was 1.796 times of those carrying the A allele (OR =1.796,95％ CI:1.275-2.531).The risk of population carrying the G allele suffering from adenoma was 2.884 times of those carrying the A allele (OR =2.884,95％ CI:2.009-4.142).Conclusions TGF-β1 + 869 T/C and TRAIL + 1525 G/A gene polymorphisms may be related to the incidence of nodular thyroid diseases; G allele of TRAIL and C allele of TGF-β1 may be predisposing genes of patients with nodular goiter.

Purpose To investigate the expression of transcriptional suppressor CtBP1,Zeb1,Zeb2 and their target gene E-cadherin,and their significance in cholangiocarcinoma.Methods The expression of CtBP1,Zeb1,Zeb2 and E-cadherin proteins in cholangiocarcinoma and the paired non-neoplastic tissue array were detected by the immunohistohemical staining.Results The positive rates of CtBP1 expression in cholangiocarcinoma and the paired non-neoplastic tissue were 44.44％ and 17.86％,these of Zeb2 were 34.92％ and 10.71％,and these of E-cadherin were 50.79％ and 100％,respectively.The differences between the groups were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).There was only one case with expression of Zeb1 in cholangiocarcinoma,but no expression in the paired non-neoplastic tissue.CtBP1 was correlated with the degree of differentiation of cholangiocarcinoma (P ＜ 0.05).Ecadherin was related to the differentiation degree,and distant metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma (all P ＜ 0.05).The E-cadherin expression was negatively correlated with CtBP1 and Zeb2 (r =-0.034,-0.029,all P ＜ 0.05).The Zeb2 expression was positively correlated with CtBP1 (r =0.228,P =0.005).Conclusion CtBP1,Zeb2 and E-cadherin express abnormally in cholangiocarcinoma.CtBP1,Zeb2 may be involved in the regulation of E-cadherin expression.Joint detection of CtBP1 and Ecadherin is expected to be a reference index to evaluate the malignant biological behavior of cholangiocarcinoma.

Objective To establish a modified dynamic 99Tcm-pertechnetate salivary gland scintigraphy(SGS) method,and to evaluate the value in the diagnosis of Sj(o)gren's syndrome(SS) by comparing SGS with labial gland biopsy (LGB).Methods A total of 204 patients (21 males,183 females,age range 20-85 years) with suspected SS who underwent the modified dynamic SGS and LGB were enrolled in this prospective study.Uptake ratio (UR) and excretion fraction (EF) of the left parotid gland (LPG),the right parotid gland (RPG),the left submandibular gland (LSG) and the right submandibular gland (RSG)were calculated.Two-sample t test was used for data analysis.The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy of the modified dynamic SGS and LGB were calculated,and x2 test was used for data analysis.Results SS was confirmed in 113 patients,including 79 patients with primary SS and 34 patients with secondary SS.SS was excluded in 88 patients.The UR and EF of the SS group (LPG:1.95±1.04 and (52.2±19.5)％,RPG:1.96±1.06 and (55.0±21.1)％,LSG:2.65±1.12 and (25.9±14.1)％,RSG:2.72±1.30 and (29.7± 14.7) ％) were significantly lower than those of the non-SS group (LPG:3.08± 1.10 and (65.9± 12.7) ％,RPG:3.26±1.16 and (66.4±12.6)％,LSG:3.71±1.31 and (43.2±12.3)％,RSG:3.74±1.39 and (46.6± 11.5) ％;t=4.40-9.00,all P＜0.05).The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy of the modified dynamic SGS were 99.1％ (112/113),72.7％ (64/88),87.6％ (176/201),respectively,while those of LGB were 83.2％ (94/113),96.6％ (85/88),89.1％ (179/201),respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of SGS method were significantly different from those of LGB (x2 =15.9,17.5,both P＜0.05).Conclusions The modified dynamic SGS can reduce the acquisition time and has a high sensitivity for SS.When combined with LGB,it will improve the diagnostic accuracy for SS.