The increasing levels of antibiotic resistance was due to the effects of antibiotics.Clinical application of antibiotics could induce the antibiotic resistance in the human microflora,which can become the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes,subsequently contribute to more emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in future.This highlights the importance of a controlled use of antibiotics.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of citrin deficiengc in infants. Methods The clinical data of 15 patients with citrin deficiengcy were analyzed retrospectively and the diagnoses were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Results The patients consisted of 9 male and 6 female infants,whose age of onset ranged from 2 to 10 days excepted 1 case later than one month. The main clinical manifestations were jaundice and swelling liver,laboratory data showed increased total and direct bilirubin,bile acid,alanine aminotransferase,γ-glutamyltransferase,blood ammonia,lactic acid and α-fetoprotein;7 paitients had prolongation of prothrombin time and 9 had dyslipidaemia;G C/MS analysis of urine samples showed elevated galactose ,galactitol and 4 - hydroxyl phenyllactic acid;citrin gene were positive in 6 cases ,cytomegalovirus infections were found in 13 cases. After the therapy of fat-soluble vitamins(A,D and K)and lactose free formula,the jaundice relieved rapidly and dispeared within 2 weeks in all cases. The 6-month follow-up data showed no symptoms in 6 cases. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of citrin deficiengcy are nonspecific,GC/MS and lactose free formula treatment can be used to confirm the diagnosis.

In recent years,more and more Macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae becomes a hot research.The current studies suggest that the mechanisms of Macrolide resistance are drug-binding site mutations,ribosome methylation,drug efflux,and drug related fire-fighting,in which the drug target 23srRNA gene 2063,2064 mutation is significant.It has been reported that drug-resistant patients have the poor effect,including the long total febrile days and high dressing.For treatment of drug-resistant patients,most studies still use the macrolide,early use of corticosteroids may be effective.It is uncertain whether the increase in resistant strains is related with the use of macrolide.It is significant to carry out future researches in this area for clinical therapy and put off the prevalence of drug-resistant strains.

The incidence of allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and food allergies, is increasing year by year.Recently, more and more studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between intestinal microecology and allergic diseases, which indicated that the influence of intestinal flora on the immune system is one of the important mechanisms.This article was based on the immune status and microecology.This article reviewed and explored the important role and mechanism changes of intestinal flora in the early life in terms of the occurrence and development of allergic diseases, and the research progress in the application of probiotics in allergic diseases, aiming to further understand the relationship between intestinal microecology and children allergy and provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.

Humans ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma ; diagnosis

Objective To explore the role of human parvovirus B19(HPV B19) infection in the onset of aplastic anemia(AA).Methods The presence of HPV B19-DNA was detected in the peripheral blood samples from 22 patients with AA(aplastic anemia) by using nested polymerase chain reaction assay,and 20 healthy blood donors as control.Results Seven of 22(31 8%) AA cases were HPV B19-DNA positive,while all the samples from the control group were negative for HPV B19-DNA (P0 05).Conclusion HPV B19 infection is closely related to the onset of AA,and may be an important viral cause for AA.

Objective To study the status of electrolyte imbalance in infant with moderate to severe malnutrition and discuss reasonable clinical therapy.Methods we examined serum level of electrolyte and analyse retrospectively.96 infants were divided into three group-pneumonia,diarrhea and mixed group,difference of electrolyte imbalance was compared within the three groups.Results Hypokalemia and hyponatremia were the major electrolyte imbalamce.60.4% had hypokalemia,55,2% had hyponatremia;the other imbalance,46.9% had hypochloremia,40.6% had hypocalcemia,32.3% had hypomagnesemia,30.2% had metabolic acidosis and 16.6% had metabolic alkalosis.Conclusions The pneumonia group was more likely to have hyponatremia,and the diarrhea group was more likely to have hypokalemia.Serum level of chloride fluctuated with the change of blood potassium.Hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia were normal and were influenced by acid-base balance.Acidosis was more likely to be found in diarrhea group,and was metabolic in most situation.There was a trend of emerging metabolic alkalosis in severe dehydration patient.

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are main chronic respiratory diseases in adulthood,which bring a heavy burden to society and economy.The adulthood asthma and COPD originate from childhood.Atopy and certain respiratory viral infection are the risk factors of asthma.Some factors in childhood including premature,childhood asthma,serious lung infection,air pollution,active smoking will damage pulmonary function in adulthood,which contribute to COPD onset.Strategies such as preventing premature birth and controlling asthma will reduce the burden of chrouic respiratory diseases in adults.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment strategies of primary lactase deficiency in infants.Methods The clinical data of 26 infants with primary lactase deficiency in Shenzhen Chidlren's hospital from October 2009 to February 2011 were analyzed retrospectively and the diagnoses were confirmed by dietary therapy.Results The patients were consisted of 19 males and 7 females,whose ages of onset ranged from 1 to 2 months,persisting 1 to 4 months.Breast feeding,mixed feeding and formula feeding were given in 10 cases,8 cases and 8 cases,respectively.The main clinical manifestations were persistent or chronic diarrhea,with watery and or foamy stools,4 to 8 times per day.Nineteen patients had received antibiotics but without improvement.Lactose free formula and oral probiotics improved the symptoms within 1 week in all 26 cases,but recurrence of symptoms followed reintroduction of dairy foods.Conclusion The clinical manifestations of primary lactase deficiency in infants are persistent or chronic diarrhea.Lactose free formula can be used to confirm the diagnosis and to improve the symptoms.

Objective To investigate and summarize the clinical and high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT) characteristics of invasive pulmonary fungal infections(IPFIs)in children.Methods Clinical and HRCT data of 35 cases with IPFIs admitted in our hospital between March 2007 and July 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical and HRCT characteristics were summarized.Results Thirty-five patients consisted of 23 boys and 12 girls with mean age of(3.2±1.9) years.Host factors included acute leukemia (n=12),primary immunodeficiency disease (n=4),congenital heart disease (n=2),cerebral palsy (n=2),severe influenza A infection (H1N1) (n=2),ichthyosis (n=1),acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(n=1),systemic lupus erythematous (n=1),tubercular meningitis(n=1),mechanical ventilation(n=2).All patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic,ranking by descending order:third-generation cephalosporins (28 cases),carbapenems(19 cases)and vancomycin (18 cases).Seventeen cases were treated with corticosteroids systemically and 12 cases with acute leukemia took antineoplastic medicine.The symptoms of IPFIs were intermittent or persistent fever,cough and rales.HRCT results:nodules (n=25,71.4％),subpleural patchy opacities (n=24,68.6％),mass (＞3cm) (n=4,11.4％),halo sign (n=27,77.1％),cavities (n=8,22.9％),air crescent sign (n=4,11.4％),miliary nodules (n=2,5.7％),pleural effusion (n=14,40％).Conclusion There are certain specific characteristics of IPFIs in children in clinical and HRCT aspects.The possible diagnosis of IPFIs can be made based on clinical and HRCT features.