Objective To discuss the optimal occasions for CsA withdrawal after kidney transplantation. Methods Thirty-eight cases of kidney transplantations in out-clinic were included in this study. CsA was withdrawn in their immunosuppressive regimen owing to different reasons after operation.All patients were followed up at least 2 years after operation, and followed up more than 12 months after CsA withdrawal. All patients were divided to two groups: Group A (18 cases), control group; group B (20cases), the CsA withdrawal owing its side effects. Acute rejection rate, SCr, uromicroprotein and side effects were analyzed in order to find the optimal occasions for CsA withdrawal Results CsA was re-administered in 9 cases (50 0/4) owing to different reasons in Group A. In group B, CsA was withdrawn due to gradually increased Scr and proteinuria in 12 cases, CsA related acute toxidty in 2 cases, hepatic injury in 8 cases and other reasons in 2 cases, After withdrawal of CsA, renal function was improved and hepatic injuries were recovered. Conclusion The suitable opportunity for CsA withdrawal for long-term survival patients should be at the beginning of gradually increased Scr and/or proteinuria. For the patients with normal and stable renal function and having no CsA related side effects, small dosage (1.5-2. 0 mg/kg)of CsA was the choice for the maintenance therapy.

Objective To explore the etiology of hyperthyroid cardiomyopathy. Methods Forty New Zealand rabbits were randomly and equally divided into 4 groups: control group, levothyroxine(L-Thy) group, imidapril group, and valsartan group. Except the control group, rabbit model of hyperthyroidism was established by daily intraperitoneal injections of L-Thy (45 ?g?kg-1?d-1? 28 d), and the animals of later 2 groups received 0.5 mg/kg imidapril and 8 mg/kg valsartan respectively at same period. Ventricular tissues were collected at 4 weeks. Cardic hypertrophy index, cardiomyocyte diameter, structural and ultrastructural changes were detected. Cardiac fibrosis was displayed by Masson’s staining and collagen volume fraction (CVF) was measured using pathological image analytic system. Expressions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) were evaluated with Western blot analyses. Results Compared with control group, rabbits of L-Thy group displayed remarkable myocardial hypertrophy, extracellular matrix fibrosis, and morphological changes in both structure and ultrastructure. Western blot analysis revealed increased protein expressions of ACE,ERK and p-ERK proteins. ERK and p-ERK expressions were correlated positively well with both cardiomyocyte diameter and CVF. Both imidapril and valsartan alleviated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, extracellular matrix fibrosis, and structural damage induced by L-Thy. Compared with L-Thy group, expressions of lower ERK and p-ERK were found in both imidapril and valsartan groups. Conclusion Renin-angiotension system (RAS) and ERK signaling pathway may play important roles in hyperthyroid cardiomyopathy. Activated RAS is possibly responsible for activation of ERK signaling pathway. Imidapril and valsartan may inhibit activation of ERK signaling pathway and retarding myocardial remodeling in hyperthyroid cardiomyopathy induced by L-Thy.

Objective To explore the inhibitory effect of mycophenolic acid (MPA) on the proliferation and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion in mice glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs).Methods MPA with different concentrations ( 0.1 , 1, 5 and 10 ?mol/L ) was added into the cultured mice GMC line in vitro for 24 h. The GMCs proliferation level was detected by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) incorporation. The absorbance for counting the GMCs survival was read at 570 nm by using an automated microplate ELISA reader. The cells treated with MPA (0, 0.5 and 2.5 ?mol/L ) were stimulated by TNF-? (20 ng/ml), IL-1? (2 ng/ml), IFN-? (10 ng/ml). Four h later, the MCP-1 concentration in supernatant was determined by ELISA. At the same time, the lymphocyte migration was examined.Results MPA has a concentration -dependent antiproliferative effect on cultured GMCs. The secretion of MCP-1 of cultured GMCs stimulated by TNF-?, IL-1?, IFN-? was significantly increased. Addition of MPA could signi -ficantly inhibit the secretion of MCP-1 ( P

Objective To investigate the role of FTY720 in the protection of rat renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury and its influence on the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1? (HIF-1?).Methods Ischemia/reperfusion kidney injury rat model was established. The rats were allocated into groups at random: sham group (Sham) and ischemia/reperfusion group (Control). The latter were sub-divided into FTY720 (1 mg/kg every day for 3 days before operation) group, MMF (20 mg/kg every day for 3 days before operation) group and CsA (10 mg/kg every day for 3 days before operation) group. Blood creatinine and the expression levels of HIF-1? mRNA and protein were observed 0 h, 6 h, 24 h, 72 h and 7 days after operation.Results At time points of 0 h , 6 h , and 24 h, Scr levels were higher in FTY720 group than in control group (P

In allergic reaction activated eosinophils have been known to accumulate at the site of inflamma tion. Apoptosis of eosinophils may be involved in the inflammation resolution. In this review, we state that the apoptosis of eosinophils play a direct role in allergic reaction. Regulating the apoptosis of eosinophils can effectively alter the development of allergic inflammatory reaction.
Apoptosis ; Eosinophils ; pathology ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; pathology

Objective To study association of hepatitis B virus(HBV) precore (pre c)/basic core promoter(BCP) mutations with the genotype or the progression of liver disease. Methods The serum samples from 148 patients with HBV-relative diseases were collected, including 31 asymptomatic carriers, 32 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 40 with liver cirrhosis(LC) and 45 with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). The genes covering HBV pre c and BCP were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). The PCR products were subjected to direct sequencing and the mutations in pre c 1896 and BCP 1762/1764 were determined by sequence analysis. HBV genotypes were also detected in the sera by restriction fragment length polymorphism based on S-gene PCR products. Results Of 148 serum samples of HBV, 128 were successfully genotyped and sequenced. There were 60 genotype B and 68 genotype C. The mutation in pre c (A1896) was significantly higher in genotype B than in genotype C (48.3% vs 29.34%, P

Objective To study the prevalence and the related risk factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN) after good blood glucose well controlled among in middle-aged and old-aged population with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a community of Beijing.Methods DPN was screened by Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI),and common blood biochemical parameters were tested,among over 45 years of age registered population patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Shuangjing community of Chaoyang District of Beijing.Results The blood glucose control rate was 90.36％ (253/280),and the prevalence of DPN was 25.36％ (71/280) with male of 24.47 ％ (23/94) and female of 25.81％ (48/186).Univariate analysis showed that both age and HbA1c in DPN group were higher than that of non-DPN group,and the differences were statistically significant(P =0.000,0.008).The level of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) of the DPN group was lower than that of the non-DPN group,and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.017).The hypertension prevalence rate of the DPN group was 87.32％(62/71),higher than that of the nonDPN group(75.6％ (158/209)),and the difference was statistically significant (P =0.037).The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the estimate of parameter for age was 0.143 (P =0.0001),OR was 1.153,95％CI was from 1.029 to 1.219,for HbA1c was 0.529(P=0.03),OR was 1.698,95％CI was from 1.053 to 2.738,and for LDL-C was-O.919 (P =0.018),OR was 0.399,95％ CI was from 0.186 to 0.854.Conclusion The prevalence of DPN is still above 25％ among middle-aged and old-aged in a community,even though the well controlled rate of blood glucose control rate is above 90％.It is possible that old age and HbA1c are related to DPN,apart from blood glucose.

Protocol design and implementation are important steps for clinical trial . This article discussed key issues on effect of live birth rate by polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) treatment with acupuncture combined with clomiphene citrate in the randomized controlled trial ( RCT ) process . For example , the trial designs ( i . e . , trial design characteristics , selection of featured therapeutic effect index ) , clinical trial implementation ( i . e . , or-ganization construction , quality control , and etc . ) . This summarization provided references for the design and implementation of clinical trial plan .

Objective To investigate the preventive effects of phytosterol on lipid metabolic disturbance of rats fed with high-fat diet. Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (fed with basic diet), high-fat model group (fed with high-fat diet), low phytosterol group( fed with high-fat diet and 100 mg/kg phytosterol) and high phytosterol group( fed with high-fat diet and 200 mg/kg phytosterol). Body weight, serum lipid, liver fat and body fat were measured at the end of experiment (6 weeks later). Results At the end of experiment, the body weight, contents of liver fat and body fat and serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels were significantly higher in high-fat model group, low phytosterol group and high phytosterol group than those in control group (P <0.05), while serum HDL-C levels in these three groups were significantly lower than that in control group (P < 0.05). Compared with high-fat model group, the body weight gain and content of body fat of high phytosterol group were significantly lower (P <0.05). The contents of liver fat and serum TC, TG and LDL-C levels in low phytosterol group and high phytosterol group were significantly lower than those of high-fat model group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Phytosterol could prevent lipid metabolic disturbance of rats fed with high-fat diet. High dose phytosterol has the potential to reduce the body weight gain and contents of body fat of rats fed with high-fat diet.

Objective According to the infrared spectrum of renal stone composition analysis,discuss the relationship between gender,age and kidney stone.Methods Kidney stone composition analysis of 408 cases had been done in our hospital from the 2002 to 2011 by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.There were 271 males (66.4％) and 137 females (33.6％).Results There were 359 cases with calcium stones,accounting for 88.0％ (359/408); 197 cases with calcium oxalate stones alone,accounting for 48.3％; 180 cases with phosphate stones,accounting for 44.1％; 211 cases with mixed composition stones,accounting for 51.7％.Main chemical composition of the stones were:calcium oxalate 48.3％,carbonate apatite 34.8％,urates 5.4％,ammonium magnesium phosphate 4.4％,ammonium carbonate eutectic 3.4％,brushite 1.5％,cystine 2.0％ and protein 0.3％.Male patients accounted for 66.4％ of all cases and the peak onset age was 30-59 years; Female patient accounted for 33.6％ of all cases and the peak onset age was 50-59 years.Conclusions Calcium oxalate and phosphate are the most common components of kidney stones.Males age between 30-59 years and females age between 50-59 years may suffer from of kidney stone formation.