An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of eighteen fluoroquinolones (FQs), tetracyclines (TCs) and sulfonamides (SAs) antibiotics from soils using solid phaseextraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Soil sample was firstly extracted by phosphate buffer at pH 3 in combination with 50% of organic modifier acetonitrile, then purified and concentrated by SAX and HLB column.Qualitative and quantitative analysis were carried out for the analyte under the MRM mode after the chromatography separation on Kromasil C_(18)(250 mm x4.6 mm, 5 μm) column.The range of recoveries (in percent) for FQs, TCs, SAs, in the soil matrix was 67.20%-88.98%, 62.23%-85.36%, 55.76%-97.37% with 1.1%-17.2% of relative standard deviation respectively in two different concentra tions.The limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 3) were 3.36-8.88 jig/kg, 0.56-0.91 μg/kg and 0.07-1.85 μg/kg for FQs, TCs and SAs, respectively.This method was successfully used to detect 18 anti biotics in 6 soil samples with different land types in Tianjin.Results showed some of the antibiotics in the arable soil were detected, with concentrations of 1.72-119.57 μg/kg.

Anti-virulence strategy has been considered as one of the most promising approaches to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections. Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are the largest class of bacterial toxins, inflicting their virulence effect through creating pores on the cell membrane. However, current solutions for eliminating PFTs are mostly designed based on their molecular structure, requiring customized design for different interactions. In the present study, we employed erythroliposome (denoted as RM-PL), a biomimetic platform constructed by artificial lipid membranes and natural erythrocyte membranes, to neutralize different hemolytic PFTs regardless of their molecular structure. When tested with model PFTs, including α-hemolysin, listeriolysin O, and streptolysin O, RM-PL could completely inhibit toxin-induced hemolysis in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo studies further confirmed that RM-PL could efficiently neutralize various toxins and save animals' lives without causing damage to organs or tissues. In addition, we explored the underlying mechanisms of this efficient detoxification ability and found that it was mainly macrophages in the spleen and the liver that took up RM-PL-absorbed toxins through a variety of endocytosis pathways and digested them in lysosomes. In summary, the biomimetic RM-PL presented a promising system for broad-spectrum and powerful toxin neutralization with a mechanism of lysosome-mediated toxin degradation.