Objective To determine the effective volume of 1.5％ lidocaine for obturator nerve block (ONB) in 50％ of patients (EV50) undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).Methods Thirty-six ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients with bladder tumor,aged 18-64 yr,with body mass index of 19-30 kg/m2,scheduled for elective TURBT and required ONB before TURBT,were enrolled in the study.ONB was performed with 1.5 ％ lidocaine using the pubic approach under the guidance of a nerve stimulator.The volume of 1.5％ lidocaine was determined by up-and-down sequential trial.The initial volume of hdocaine was 10 ml and the ratio between the two successive volumes was 1.1.Successful ONB was considered to be positive response.The EV50 and 95 ％ confidence interval (CI) of 1.5 ％ lidocaine for ONB were calculated.Results The EV50 of 1.5 ％ lidocaine for ONB was 5.53 rnl and the 95 ％ CI was 5.10-6.00 ml.Conclusion The EV50 of 1.5 ％ lidocaine is 5.53 ml when used for ONB in patients undergoing TURBT.

Objective To compare the efficacy of suprainguinal approach and pubic tubercle approach to obturator nerve block (ONB) in patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor.Methods Sixty ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 41-80 yr,with body mass index of 17.5-31.0 kg/m2,scheduled for elective transurethral resection of bladder tumor,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =30 each) using a random number table:pubic tubercle approach group (group P) and suprainguinal approach group (group S).Nerve blocks were performed using a 100-mm insulated needle for ONB (21-gauge) under the guidance of a nerve stimulator.In group P,the insertion point of the needle was 1.5 cm lateral and 1.5 cm inferior to the pubic tubercle.In S group,the insertion point of the needle was at the midpoint of the line drawn in the inguinal crease between the femoral artery and the inner border of the adductor longus tendon and the needle was advanced 3 cm cephalad in the major axis of thigh.The number of puncture eliciting contraction of adductor muscle,time taken to elicit contraction of adductor muscle starting from onset of puncture,depth of puncture,and highest visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores during application of the block were recorded.The myodynamia of adductor muscle was evaluated.The development of complications was also recorded.Results Compared with group P,the number of puncture,highest VAS scores,and myodynamia of adductor muscle at 4 and 6 min of blockade were significantly decreased,the time taken to elicit contraction of adductor muscle was shortened,and the success rate of puncture at first attempt was increased in group S (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).There was no significant difference in the incidence of puncture point bleedings between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The suprainguinal approach for ONB offers more accurate location,faster onset,lighter degree of noxious stimulation and better safety than the pubic tubercle approach in patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor.

Objective Comparing the effects of ultrasound with nerve stimulation guided obtu-rator nerve block(ONB)with simple nerve stimulation guided ONB for transurethral resection of blad-der tumor(TURBT),so as to realize the validity and advantages of ultrasound with nerve stimulation guided ONB.Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ,male or female,age 39-77 years old,BMI 1 9-30 kg/m2 patients undergoing elective TURBT were randomly divided into two groups,nerve stimulation group (group S)and ultrasound and nerve stimulation group (group US).Success rate of the first puncture, visual analog scale (VAS)pain score,insertion-adductor contraction interval (ICI),puncture times corresponding to ICI,adductor strength,incidence of complications and validity were observed during and after ONB.Results There was no significant difference of the general validity,adductor strength and complication incidence between the two groups.The success rate of the first puncture was signifi-cantly higher in group US than that in group S (P < 0.01).VAS pain score,ICI and puncture times were significantly lower in group US than those in group S (P < 0.05).Conclusion Compared with simple nerve stimulation guided ONB,ultrasound with nerve stimulation guidance showed less punc-ture time,more accurate positioning and more comfort.

Objective To determine the median effective concentration (EC50) of lidocaine for obturator nerve block (ONB) guided by a nerve stimulator in patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).Methods American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients with bladder tumor,scheduled for elective TURBT,required ONB according to the results of cystoscopy or CT examination performed before operation,with body mass index of 19-30 kg/m2,aged 18-64 yr,were enrolled in the study.ONB was performed with lidocaine using the suprainguinal approach under the guidance of a nerve stimulator.The concentration of lidocaine was determined by up-and-down sequential trial.The initial concentration of lidocaine was 1.5％,and the ratio between the two successive concentrations was 1.2.Successful ONB was considered to be positive response.The EC50 and 95％ confidence interval of lidocaine for ONB guided by a nerve stimulator was calculated.Results The EC50 of lidocaine was 0.57％,and the 95％ confidence interval was 0.55％-0.59％ when used for ONB guided by a nerve stimulator.Conclusion The EC50 of lidocaine is 0.57％ when used for ONB guided by a nerve stimulator in the patients undergoing TURBT.

Objective To investigate the effect of L-carnitine on the apoptosis in Schwann cells induced by high glucose.Methods The cell line RSC96 cultured in vitro were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 1.5 × 104/ml (200 μl/well) or in 6-well plates at a density of 2 × 105/ml (2 ml/well) and cultured for 24 h.The cells were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:normal control group (group C),high glucose group (group H),high glucose + L-carnitine group (group H + L),and mannitol osmotic control group (group M).The cells in group C were incubated in the plain culture medium containing normal glucose (5.6 mmol/L).The cells were incubated in the medium containing glucose 50 mmol/L in group H or in the medium containing glucose 50 mmol/L and L-carnitine 50 μmol/L (final concentration) in group H + L.The cells were incubated in the medium containing normal glucose (5.6 mtmol/L) and mannitol 44.4 mmol/L in group M.At 48 h of incubation,cell growth conditions were observed under inverted microscope,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured by xanthine oxidase method,malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured by thiobarbituric acid test,cell viability was measured by MTT assay and cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry.The expression of activated caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) protein was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the cell viability and SOD activity were significantly decreased,MDA content and apoptotic rate were increased,and the expression of activated caspase-3 and PARP-1 protein was up-regulated in H and H + L groups,and no significant changes were found in group M.Compared with group H,the cell viability and SOD activity were significantly increased,MDA content and apoptotic rate were decreased,and the expression of activated caspase-3 and PARP-1 protein was down-regulated in group H + L.Conclusion L-camitine can attenuate high glucose-induced apoptosis in Schwann cells by inhibiting oxidative stress responses and down-regulating the expression of activated caspase-3 and PARP-1.

Objective To assess the value of SYNTAX score to predict major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) among patients with three-vessel or left-main coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.Methods 190 patients with three-vessel or left-main coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with Cypher select drug-eluting stent were enrolled.SYNTAX score and clinical SYNTAX score were retrospectively calculated.Our clinical Endpoint focused on MACCE,a composite of death,nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI),stroke and repeat revascularization.The value of SYNTAX score and clinical SYNTAX score to predict MACCE were studied respectively.Results 29 patients were observed to suffer from MACCE,accouting 18.5％ of the overall 190 patients.MACCE rates of low ( ≤ 20.5 ),intermediate ( 21.0-31.0 ),and high ( ≥ 31.5 ) tertiles according to SYNTAX score were 9.1％,16.2％ and 30.9％ respectively.Both univariate and multivariate analysis showed that SYNTAX score was the independent predictor of MACCE.MACCE rates of low ( ≤ 19.5 ),intermediate( 19.6-29.1 ),and high( ≥29.2) tertiles according to clinical SYNTAX score were 14.9％,9.8％ and 30.6％ respectively.Both univariate and multivariate analysis showed that clinical SYNTAX score was the independent predictor of MACCE.ROC analysis showed both SYNTAX score ( AUC =0.667,P =0.004) and clinical SYNTAX score ( AUC =0.636,P =0.020) had predictive value of MACCE.Clinical SYNTAX score failed to show better predictive ability than the SYNTAX score.Conclusions Both SYNTAX score and clinical SYNTAX score could be independent risk predictors for MACCE among patients with three-vessel or left-main coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.Clinical SYNTAX score failed to show better predictive ability than the SYNTAX score in this group of patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of ketamine combined with moderate hypothermia on brain ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. Methods Fifty healthy Wistar rats of both sexes aged 4.0-4.5 months, weighing 410-510 g were randomly allocated into 5 groups (n = 10each): group Ⅰ sham operation (group S), group Ⅱ asphyxial cardiac arrest (group ACA), group Ⅲ ketamine (group K), group Ⅳ moderate hypothermia (group MH) and group Ⅴ K + MH. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (IP) phenobarbital 20 mg/100 g, tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated (RR 60 bpm,FiO2 50%), PaCO2 was maintained at 35-45 mm Hg. Cardiac arrest was induced by clamping tracheal tube until ECG activity disappeared and MAP ＜ 15 mm Hg. Resuscitated was started 5 min later. MAP ＞ 60 mm Hg and HR ＞ 250 bpm were considered to be signs of successful resuscitation. Dead animals and animals in which resuscitation time was longer than 5 min were excluded from the study. In group K ketamine 100 mg/kg was administered IP at 5 min before asphyxia. In group MH hypothermia was started as soon as asphyxia was started and body temperature was maintained at 30-35 ℃. After successful resuscitation, the animals were sacrificed. Their brains were removed for determination of brain water content and p-caspase-3 expression in hippocampus. Results Brain I/Rsignificantly increased brain water content and p-caspase-3 expression in group ACA. MH alone significantly attenuated 1/R-induced brain edema and decreased p-caspase-3 expression, while ketamine alone only significantly decreased p-caspase-3 expression but did not decrease I/R-induced brain edema. MH + K decreased p-caspase-3expression further but did not reduce brain edema further as compared with MH alone. Conclusion Ketamine combined with moderate hypothermia provides better protection against brain I/R injury.

Objective To observe the incidence and predictors of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).Methods 612 HCM patients were analyzed prospectively from July 1990 to November 2007.The age,sex,height,weight,medical history,main symptoms and incidence of atrial fibrillation were recorded.Results The patients'mean age was (47.8±14.9).414 patients(67.6%) were male.377 patients (61.6%)had left ventrieular outflow truer obstruction.94 patients(15.4%)and atrial fibrillation.43 patients(6.O%)had sustained and 51 patients (9.4%) had paroxysmal.The patients with atrial fibrillation were older in age and were predominantly female.Their medical history were longer,left atrial diameter(LAD)longer and plasma B-type natriuretie peptide(BNP)higher.logistic regression analysis indicated that the medical history(P=0.012),LAD(P=0.0001) and BNP (P=0.017)were the independent predictors of atrial fibrillation in HCM.Atrial fibrillation was accompanied by a decrease in functional status and an increase in risk of stroke.Conclusions The incidence of atrial fibrillation in HCM was high.The medical history.LAD and BNP were the independent predictors of its occurrence.

Objective Septal reduction therapies were recommended for drug-refractory patients with hypertrophic ob-structive cardiomyopathy(HOCM).To explore and compare the effectiveness and safety in patients with hypertrophic obstruc-tive cardiomyopathy(HOCM) treated with surgery myectomy(SM) and alcohol septal ablation(SA).Methods The clinical data of 260 patients performed SA(n=184) or SM(n=76)between September 2002 and September 2014 in our institute were retrospectively reviewed.The t-test, rank sum test and chi-square test were used to compare the differences between the two groups, and the Cox regression model was used for multivariate survival analysis.All-cause mortality, cardiac cause death(peri-operative death were included ) , heart function improvement , procedure-related complications and permanent pacemaker de-pendence( PPM) constituted the main contents of this study .Results Compared with patients treated with SM , patients un-dergone SA were poor heart function status(2.97 ±0.29 vs 2.50 ±0.56, P =0.01), more prevalence of atrial fibrillation( 15.14％ vs 6.80％, P=0.046) and longer follow-up period[(5.4 ±3.8) years vs(2.5 ±2.2) years, P =0.01)].All-cause mortality for SA and SM were 3.3％ and 14.5％ respectively(P=0.001).The fatal cardiac events of SA and SM were 1.63％ and 13.16％ respectively(P<0.001).Sudden cardiac arrest were the main cardiac cause death for both patients trea-ted with SA and SM.The cardiac death of left ventricular systolic dysfunction was main found in patients treated with SM . Heart function improvement(NYHA) after SA and SM were 1.23 ±0.61 and 0.88 ±0.64 respectively(all P <0.01).And SA had a lower procedure-related PPM implantation(1.63％ vs 4.20％, P<0.05).Conclusion Our results shown that SA have survival advantage, lower PPM and similar heart function improvement compared with SM for refractory patients with HOCM.

OBJECTIVETo compare the long-term real-world outcomes of consecutive patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease (ULMCA) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODSConsecutive patients with ULMCA (defined as stenosis ≥ 50%) undergoing DES implantation or CABG between January 2003 to July 2009 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital were enrolled. The follow-up period extended through August 2013. The end points of the study were death, cardiac death, repeat revascularization, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, the composite of cardiac death, MI or stroke and MACCE (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, the composite of cardiac death, MI, stroke or repeat revascularization).

RESULTSFrom January 2003 to July 2009, 922 ULMCA patients were enrolled in this study (465 PCI patients, and 457 CABG patients). The median follow-up was 7.1 years (interquartile range 5.3 to 8.2 years). The crude relative risk was as follows: overall death rate (13.0% (41/465) vs. 22.1% (72/457), P = 0.009), stroke rate (5.8% (11/465) vs. CABG 18.9% (46/457), P < 0.001) were significantly lower whereas the rate of repeat revascularization (32.3% (110/465) vs. CABG 19.2% (58/457), P < 0.001) was significantly higher in PCI group than in CABG group. MI rate was similar between PCI and CABG group (13.9% (33/465) vs. 6.7% (26/457), P = 0.196). MACCE rate was also similar between the 2 groups (42.9% (145/465) vs. 42.5% (142/457), P = 0.122). After multivariate adjusting, there was no significant difference in rates of death, MI and a composite of serious outcomes (cardiac death, MI, or stroke) between the 2 groups. Rates of MACCE were significantly higher in the PCI group (P = 0.009) due to increased rate of repeat revascularization (P < 0.001). However, stroke rate was still significantly higher in CABG group (P = 0.001) after multivariate adjusting.

CONCLUSIONDuring a follow-up up to 8.2 years, the survival rate is similar between the PCI and the CABG group in patients with ULMCA disease. The rate of repeat revascularization is significantly higher and stroke rate is significantly lower in the PCI group compared to CABG group.

Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Artery Disease ; epidemiology ; therapy ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; epidemiology ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome