OBJECTIVE: To introduce some methods to measure patients' adherence to medication, including the traditional and modern methods, so that clinical pharmacists can provide appropriate interventions to improve patients' adherence. METHODS: Methods to measure patients' adherence were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The methods to measure patients' adherence have developed a lot. Measuring patients' adherence is especially important for chronic disease management. More researches are needed to develop more accurate methods to measure patients' adherence.

The definition of visual impairment, the current status of visual impairment in the elderly, influencing factors related with visual impairment and management control modes are reviewed.There are three international standards of visual impairment including the WHO standard in 1972, the United States standard, and the WHO standard in 2003. The domestic standard is consistent with the WHO standard in 1972. Currently, with the global aging, the international and the Chinese situations of visual impairment are severe,and it is urgent to reduce the incidence of visual impairment. The visual impairment of the elderly is affected by various factors. A variety of management and control modes of visual impairment for the elderly have begun to bear fruit. The aim of the review is to provide the basis to screen for high-risk groups of visual impairment and provide timely intervention to reduce the prevalence of visual impairment in the older population.

Hemorrhagic Disorders ; genetics ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the progress of clinical application of implant during distraction osteogenesis in the jaw bones, and to evaluate its biocompatibility.METHODS: The first author retrieved CNKI database from 1989 to 2009 in Chinese and Medline database from 1989 to 2009 in English with the key words of "jaw, distraction osteogenesis, treatment". A total of 56 articles were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 20 articles concerning treatment progress of distraction osteogenesis and clinical application of implant were included.RESULTS: Distraction osteogenesis implants contained intraoral or extraoral distraction device, which could be used for distraction of transport plate. A distraction was selected in accordance with patients' condition and requirement. Distraction osteogenesis had been an important manner for complicated tooth jaw facial deformity and jaw defect in oral dentofacial surgery and Orthodontic treatment. It could have effective osteogenesis in combination with various systemic therapy, local therapy and physical therapy. Presently, distraction osteogenesis implants were metal materials. Metal implants have great advantages in preventing bacterium growth, keeping implant fixation and distraction effects, and the price was high. However, the cost of Ni-Ti memory alloy wire was lower compared with common retractors. The fixing device and alloy wire closely adhered to the bone could be completely implanted into tissues, with the advantages of anti-infection and completely closing the exterior and interior wound. CONCLUSION: Distraction osteogenesis is a new method for treating dental and craniofacial hypodevelopment straightening of teeth and for repairing jaw bone defect deformation. Biocompatibility of metal implants was good such as internal small Ni-Ti memory alloy wire. The biocompatibility of other types of implants should be improved.

Objective To explore the methods of induced tolerance in rats renal allotransplantation and provide a theoretical basis for clinical use. Methods Orthotopic renal transplantation from Wistar rats to SD rats was used as a model of study. The experimental rats were divided into the following groups: Group Ⅰ as isotransplantation control group, Ⅱ as acute rejection control group, respectively. Group Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ were treated with aminoguanidine (AG), calcitriol and the combined use of calcitriol and AG, respectively. The survival time of recipients was observed, meanwhile, the donor specific mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and concentrations of IFN-?, Ca 2+ and P 3+ in serum were measured. HE staining inspected all specimens of kidney grafts. Results The recipient survival time in the groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ were ( 9.1 ? 1.9 ),( 5.3 ? 0.8 ),( 9.7 ? 2.1 ),( 8.6 ? 1.6 )and( 12.9 ? 3.4 )days, respectively. There was significant difference in recipient survival time between group Ⅴ and group Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ (P

The bone morphogenetic protein(BMP),as a member of the transforming growth factor beta(TGF-?) family,plays a pivotal role in the formation,induction,maintenance and repair of the bone.The expression level of BMPs has a direct influence on the differentiation of mesenchymal osteoprogenitors and the regulation of osteoblastic features.Among BMPs,BMP-2 is the most widely studied and has the strongest activity in inducing bone formation.This article reviews the current advances in researches on BMP-2 for bone repair.

Anemia, Hemolytic ; etiology ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; blood ; complications ; Intestinal Diseases ; blood ; complications ; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; blood ; complications ; Phytosterols ; adverse effects ; blood ; Thrombocytopenia ; etiology

Th17 cells have recently emerged as a third independent helper T(Th) cell subset that is different from the classical Th1 and Th2 cells.Th17 cells can specifically secrete IL-17 and play an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis.In this article, we review the origin and differentiation regulation of Th17 cells, the relationship between IL-17 and tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis and metastasis, and try to provide a new direction for the diagnosis and treatment of tumor.

Objective To explore the feasibility of the hydrogel as a cell carrier for parathyroid cells.Methods Cryopreserved parathyroid cells were recovered and cultured until sufficient,then the cells were digested、centrifuged and pipetted to single-cell suspension.The chitosan solution,crosslinking agents and cell suspension were mixed to hydrogels by some ratio.After that,hydrogels covered by complete medium were incubated at 37 ℃ in constant temperature incubator.Meanwhile,the supernatant were collected for measuring the PTH level every other day and the viability and shape of cells in hydrogels was also evaluated by fluorescopy.Results Parathyroid cells were recovered and cultured successfully and the adherent cells were spindle-like.The hydrogel could be prepared at room temperature in less than 1 minutes.The fluorescent confocal microscopy showed that more than 90％ of the cells in the hydrogel kept viable after 24 hours and the proportion had no significant change after 3 days.Furthermore,PTH was detected in the supernatants.Conclusion The facilely prepared inexpensive hydrogel,which can maintain normal morphlology and function of cells,is of potential application to cell transplantation therapy for hypopatathyroidism.

As small non-coding RNAs,microRNAs (miRNAs)have been recognized as important reg-ulatory factors in the post-transcription regulation network.Studies have shown that miR-133a and miR-133b, as members of miR-133 family,can regulate the expression of target genes such as epidermal growth factor receptor and oncogene.They regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling path-ways,which affect tumor cell proliferation,invasion and migration.MiR-133 plays a key role in the process of tumor development and progression,suggesting that it could be served as a new target for cancer treatment.