OBJECTIVE:To facilitate the construction of Chinese pharmaceutical profession associations. METHODS: We analyzed the current situation and problems existing in Chinese pharmaceutical profession association as well as the developmental experience of foreign pharmaceutical associations then put forward suggestions for the development of pharmaceutical profession associations in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The sound development of pharmaceutical profession associations calls for the cooperated efforts of government, profession association and pharmaceutical enterprises, meanwhile its function as bridge and tie between pharmaceutical enterprises and government should be brought into full play.

OBJECTIVE:To further perfect the discipline theory of pharmaceutical administration in China.METHODS:The processes and methods of the discipline theory construction of pharmaceutical administration was studied by deductive theory and‘taking root’theory.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical administration theory is characterized by diverse and empirical,to make it improved,more research work needs to be done.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for Chinese drug distribution reform.METHODS:The drug distribution model in USA was briefly introduced and compared with that in China.The difficulties and orientations in Chinese drug distribution reform were put forward.RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:Drug distribution reform should be carried out cautiously.Our government should deal well with the relationships between different interested parties and set up a reimbursement mechanism in medical institutions in order to facilitate the reform.

This article introduces the classifications of medical devices by FDA and EU and compares them with the situation in China. Towards the problems found, several reasonable advices are put forward.
China ; Durable Medical Equipment ; classification

Objective To explore the causes of the misdiagnosis of spontaneous rupture of spleen.Methods 8 cases of spontaneous rupture of spleen during 1986～1998 were reviewed retrospectively.Results 5 cases were misdiagnosed, with the misdiagnosing rate of 62.5%.Conclusion For unknown upper bellyache accompanied with unexplainable loss of blood and with no history of trauma,the patients should be examined by B ultrasound or abdominal puncture should be peformed.If there is pathological process of liver and spleen such as schistosoma and hepatitis or the excessive functioning of spleen,the more attention should be paid to the occurrence of spontaneous rupture of spleen.Furthermore,the increase of the belly pressure caused by satiation or hard labour helps to diagnose such case.

Objective:To analyze and evaluate the effect after the PIVAS workflow optimization in our hospital. Methods: One-for-one grouping preparation was carried out by pharmacists and nurses. The checking of medicines, solvents and empty ampoules be-fore and after the preparation was performed by pharmacists, and the preparation of infusions was operated by nurses according to the operation specification. The preparation workload, error number in each link and damage of ampoules and finished goods before the op-timization and in 5 months after the optimization were compared. Results:The working efficiency was obviously improved with less time of about 0. 5 h for the same workload, the error rate was decreased by 40%, and the ampoule damage was reduced by 60% before and during the preparation. Conclusion:The PIVAS workflow optimization improves the working efficiency and management level.

MicroRNA-451 (miR-451) is significantly lowly expressed in glioma,gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer and other tumor tissues.Upregulation of miR-451 can significantly inhibit tumor cell proliferation,invasion and metastasis as well as increasing tumor cell apoptosis and improving radiotherapy and chemotherapy sensitivity and other biological effects.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the routes for research and development of traditional Chinese medicine.METH?ODS:Comparative and multi-phase thinking methods were used to analyze the difference and commonness between tradi?tional Chinese medicine and Western medicine,then the research and development goals and routes of traditional Chinese medicine were established.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Research and development of tradition Chinese Medicine should be carried forward on the basis of"tradition",that is modern methods combined with traditional theories,or modern methods combined with modern theories.In other words,the same goal can be achieved by different routes.

The "opening-closing-pivoting" theory on the six meridians is one of the difficult points in the study of Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold Diseases). The authors give an explanation on the space and time differentiation of three-yin and three-yang as well as the "opening-closing-pivoting" theory based on the predecessor's experience, and then analyze the physiological and pathological characteristics of the six-meridian disorders.

OBJECTIVE:To put forward strategies to evolve the current drug bidding system.METHODS:The objective and efficacy of the drug bidding system was analyzed;and the reasons for the poor efficacy of the system were analyzed using the information asymmetry theory in economics,and the system was compared with its US counterpart.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The drug bidding system in China should adopt such model in which the payers are chosen as agency and charge from the entrusting party.It is a systematic project to standardize drug circulation channels,reduce drug price and reduce the burden of patient,which can't be tackled by drug bidding system only.