Malaria is one of the most common insect-borne infectious diseases in the world. Among the five known malaria parasites infecting human beings, Plasmodium falciparum has the highest morbidity and mortality, and is one of the most important public health problems in the epidemic areas. With the increasing drug resistance of malaria parasites, people′s demand for malaria vaccine is more urgent. Human challenge trials(HCTs) can obtain preliminary evidence of vaccine effectiveness and safety by vaccinating fewer subjects, which is faster than traditional clinical trials, being a feasible method to study pathogenesis, immune mechanism and evaluate the efficacy of vaccine candidates. As a kind of HCTs against malaria,controlled human malaria infection(CHMI) has been widely used in clinical trials of malaria vaccines. In this paper, the application of HCTs in malaria research, the materials and methods of establishing CHMI model of Plasmodium falciparum,and the application of CHMI in malaria vaccine development were reviewed in order to provide new ideas for accelerating the development and improvement of new malaria vaccines.

As a kind of mineral medicine containing mercury, the toxicity of Cinnabaris has always been controversial. In recent years, along with the increasing reports and studies on Cinnabaris, it has been found that although the toxicity of Cinnabaris has effects on multi-systems, the main effect is on nervous system. In order to clarify Cinnabaris neurotoxicity and reduce its damage for nervous lesion caused in clinical application, this article made a thorough analysis on symptom expression and mechanism of Cinnabaris neurotoxicity and put forward corresponding countermeasures.

Objective To study the relationship of implicit memory and amnesia effect of oral midazolarn premedication and toobserve its anterograde amnesia, the effect on short-term memory and the onset time and out come of retrograde amnesia. Methods60 patients with ASA I - Ⅱ status undergoing abdomen and limb operations were divided into 3 groups with 20 cases each. Group A:oral midazolam 7.5mg;Group B:oral 15mg;Group C:placebo. The patients received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia after oral midazolam. The parameterns of EEG, SEF 95 %, BISwere collected at the same time and the degree and remark of sedation were dome according to OAA/S. The amnesia and implicit memory were investigated with pictures and muddy identified hearing rate 6 hours after operation. Results (1)Twenty min following drug ad dministration the remarks of sedation of group A and B were significantly loWver than that before and that of group C, Which was not significently different between group A and B. ( 2)The amnesia rates tested six hrs after surgery were significantly higher at 30min in group A, 20min in group B than those before treatment and were kept at 70%-80% levels, which in group C was remained zero. (3)The muddy identified hearing rate was not different significantly, among the three groups. (4) The short-term memory was all 100%during the period of drug action. (5)BIS and SEF 95% Were lower 30min after the treatment and all kept at 80 Hz and 20 Hz, which were not different remarkably between group A and B. ConclnsionOral midazolam 7. 5mg has a good effect on anterograde amnesia 30min after treatment, which may not be improved with increament in dosage. It does not lead to retrograde amnesia. The long-term memory, but not short-term memory, was impaired by midazolam. It only affects the explicit memory. Oral premnedication with midazolam can not prevent the awareness during operation totally.

Objective: To compile the osteoporosis prevention and control behavior scale for health care workers in community and evaluate its validity and reliability. Methods: In 20 standardized diagnosis and treatment pilot community health service centers for osteoporosis in Shanghai, 400 health care workers were conveniently sampled to conduct the survey and 20 of them who were randomly sampled underwent retest 2 weeks later. The validity of the scale was evaluated by content validity and structural validity. The reliability of the scale was tested by Cronbach's α coefficient, retest reliability and split-half reliability. Results: A total of 19 items were retained after project analysis. Scale-level content validity index/universal agreement (S-CVI/UA) and scale-level CVI/average (S-CVI/Ave) were 0.944 and 0.992, respectively, after an entry with item-level CVI (I-CVI) less than 0.78 was deleted. Four common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 85.94%. Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model was consistent with the theoretical assumption, and the fitness indexes χ2/df, CFI, GFI, and RMSEA were 3.323, 0.971, 0.902, and 0.076, respectively. The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of this scale was 0.978 and the Cronbach's α coefficients of the four dimensions were all over 0.9. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of each item was greater than 0.7, and the ICC of the total scale was 0.654. The split-half reliability coefficient was 0.932. Conclusion: The osteoporosis prevention and control behavior scale has good reliability and validity and can be used to evaluate the implementation of osteoporosis prevention and control behavior of health care workers in community.

ObjectiveTo explore the correlation between psychologic status and personality characteristics of certain recruits.Methods168 recruits were surveyed by Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ).ResultsIn 168 recruits, the factorial scores including interpersonal sensitivity, hostility and phobia were higher than the norm of Chinese and PLA (P<0.05～0.01). In junior high school recruits, the factorial scores including hostility and constrain were higher than the senior school recruits (P<0.05). Certain recruits showed higher scores of factor P, factor N, and lower scores of thinking factor, factor E and factor L and all the factors of SCL-90 compared with the norm of Chinese.ConclusionThe mental status and personality characteristics of certain recruits are poor. The company should strengthen psychological education and quickly adapt the recruits to the military circumstance.

The factors affecting cerebral ischemia model of rat established by middle cerebral artery occlusion include animal selection, drugs of anesthesia, surgical site, thread affect building, and etc. To find and manufacture an appropriate thread is the key to success. It includes the species, length, diameter, hardness, and placing method of the thread. The improvement of these factors greatly increases the successful rate in the establishment of focal cerebra ischemia model of rat caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Objective To explore the effect of electromyogram-triggered neuromusclar stimulation (ETNS) on motor function of upper limbs of stroke patients. Methods 45 stroke patients from July, 2011 to December, 2012 in China Rehabilitation Research Center were randomly divided into control group (n=15), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) group (n=15) and ETNS group (n=15). 3 groups were given routine medication and rehabilitation treatment. They were assessed with the largest surface electromyography (sEMG), Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Function (STEF), and modified Barthel Index before and after treatment. Results After treatment, the range of sEMG of extension carpi radialis and STEF improved in three groups (P<0.05). NMES group and ETNS group were better than the control group (P<0.05), and ETNS group was better than NMES group (P<0.05). The scores of modified Barthel Index rose (P<0.05), NMES group and ETNS group were better than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Both NMES and ETNS can improve the motor recovery of upper limbs after stroke, and ETNS is more effective.

Based on ninety three acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) which have the same mechanism of action but are different in structural characteristics, the pharmacophore model for acetylcholinesterase inhibitor was constructed by the CATALYST system. The optimal pharmacophore model with three hydrophobic units, a ring aromatic unit and a hydrogen-bond acceptor unit were confirmed (Weight=3.29, RMS=0.53, total cost-null cost=62.75, Correl=0.93, Config=19.05). This pharmacophore model will act on the double active site of acetylcholinesterase and is able to predict the activity of known acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that are used for clinical treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and can be further used to identify structurally diverse compounds that have higher activity treating with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by virtual screening.

Objective To assess patients' self-management behaviors and examine factors influencing self-management behaviors in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.Methods This research was conducted as a descriptive survey by 125 patients from a hemodialysis clinic in Tianjin.The data were collected with self-management behaviors questionnaire of hemodialysis patients and self-efficacy scale for managing chronic disease.Results Regression analysis revealed sex,educational level and selfefficacy were independent predictors for self-management behaviors.Conclusions Hemodialysis patients' self-management behaviors need to be improved in the future.Healthcare professionals should recognize the factors hindering self-management behaviors from the patients' perspective while assisting them with appropriate skills in making behaviors changes possible.

Objective To study the reference interval of serum iron and magnesium of healthy people in northwest region . Methods 722 healthy people aged 18- <80 were recruited according to the screening criteria of enzymatic multi-center study of International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) .Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and Roche assay kit were employed for serum iron ,magnesium detection .Results Differences of serum iron ,magnesium detection results obtained by two different methods ,between urban and rural people and among different age periods showed no statistically significant (P>0 .05) ,and the re-sults was combined into one group .Difference of iron test results between male and female was statistically significant (P<0 .05) , and grouping was performed according to gender ,that was ,male:10 .05-36 .21 mmol/L ,female:6 .19-30 .87 mmol/L .Difference of magnesium test results between male and female showed no statistical significance (P<0 .05) ,and was combined into one group , with the reference interval of 0 .74-1 .06 mmol/L .Conclusion The iron and magnesium 95% reference intervals of healthy people in northwest region are narrower than those of the National test results .