Objective To determine the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in China,and provide information for managing STD case-reporting,investigating under-reporting and evaluating STD epidemic.Methods The gonorrhea and syphilis case-reporting data from 31 provinces in 2005 were collected with systematic sampling by months of February,May,August and November through National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention,and the coverage of the casereporting by county category in 31 provinces were analyzed.Results The average coverage of gonorrhea case-reporting were 56.66%,66.33%,68.90% and 68.27% in February,May,August and November in 2005,respectively,while the average coverage of syphilis were 42.61%,55.56%,59.46% and 60.59% in these months,respectively.The coverage of case reporting in developed or southeast ern areas,such as Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Chongqi,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,and Fujian provinces was higher by more than 80%.However,the coverage in economically less-developed or west ern areas,including.Hebei,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Gansu,Yunnan,Guizhou,Qinghai and Tibet provinces,was lower by less than 50%.Conclusions Overall,the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in the country is relatively low,which directly compromises the accuracy of STD case reporting data.It is suggested that management,surveillance and evaluation of STD case reporting should be strengthened,especially in economically less-developed or western areas.

Objective:To screen the best decocting technology by multi-index comprehensive score combined with response sur-face. Methods:The content of paeoniflroin and the ratio of dry extraction were used as the indicators, and response surface Central Composite with two factors and five levels was used in the experimental design. The effects of the ratio of solvent to solid, decocting du-ration and decocting times on the preparation process of tonic semifluid extract of ten ingredients were studied. Results:Design Expert 8. 0. 6b software was used for the data analysis. A quadratic mathematical model between the factors and the comprehensive score of paeoniflroin content and the ratio of dry extraction was established. Combined with the actual production, the best decocting conditions were as following:the ratio of solvent to solid was 10. 6 ml·g-1 , the decocting duration was 96 min, and decocted 3 times. Conclu-sion:The optimal decocting technology is scientific, reasonable and stable.

AIM: To investigate the effect of soybean isoflavones (SI) on ventricular remodeling induced by myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD)rats. Rats were randomly divided into six groups: shamThree hours after the operation, the drugs or solvent were administrated ig qd for 35 d. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, heart rate (HR), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), peak systolic left ventricular pressure (Peak), maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rising (+dp/dtmax), maximal rate of left ventricular pressure declining (-dp/dtmax) and myocardial maximal shortening velocity (Vmax) were measured. After above hemodynamic parameters were measured, hearts were extracted. The ratio of total ventricle weight to body weight(TVW/BW) was calculated. Myocardial collagen was shown with the collagen-specific picrosirius red stain,myocardial interstitial collagen volume fraction(ICVF), perivascular collagen volume fraction(PCVF), infarct size,septal thickness (ST) and left ventricular diameter (LVD) were measured by image analysis system. RESULTS:(31 ± 5) %, respectively, all of which were significantly smaller than that in MI group (( 38.9 ± 2.9) %, P ＜ 0.01 ).In MI group, TVW/BW, LVD, ICVF and PCVF were remarkably increased compared with those in sham group (P ＜ 0.01 ). The increased TVW/BW, LVD, ICVF and PCVF were significantly reduced by treatment with eaprats in MI group was significantly decreased than that in sham group (P ＜ 0.01 ). The reduced ST could be in-dp/dtmax and Vmax were decreased (P ＜ 0.01 ), while LVEDP was increased (P ＜ 0.01 ), significantly. The reSION: SI can improve cardiac function and ventricular remodeling induced by myocardial infarction in the rat.

Objective To investigate the trends in and characteristics of syphilis epidemiology in China,and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies.Methods An epidemiological study was performed on syphilis cases reported from 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities between 2000 and 2013.Results The reported syphilis incidence increased yearly from 6.43 per 100 000 person-years in 2000 to 32.86 per 100 000 person-years in 2013,with an average annual growth rate of 13.37％.Syphilis was reported in most (99％) counties/districts in China mainland except for a few remote mountain areas,with a significant difference in the incidence of syphilis between different regions.The regions with a high incidence of syphilis included minority areas in Northwest China (Xinjiang,Qinghai and Ningxia),Minjiang River area,Yangtze River Delta (Zhejiang,Shanghai),Zhujiang River Delta (Guangxi,Guangdong),etc.There had been a rapid increase in the incidence of syphilis in some regions previously reported to have a low incidence (such as Guizhou,Shaanxi,Henan,etc).Among the reported cases,female patients predominated with an average male/female ratio of 0.92 ∶ 1.The incidence of syphilis was highest in the age group of 20-39 years,but increased yearly by more than 30％ in the population aged ＞ 60 years.Of 20 occupations,peasant workers accounted for the highest proportion (31.56％) of syphilis cases,and retired population showed the most rapid increase by about 27.35％ per year.The constituent ratio of primary and secondary syphilis in all the syphilis cases had declined yearly,while that of latent syphilis increased by more than 50％ after 2010.Conclusions Syphilis remains a major public health issue in China,and measures based on the epidemiological features are urgently needed to effectively control epidemic syphilis.

Objective To evaluate the correlation between intracranial hyperintense vessel sign (HVS) on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR) and the degree of the stenosis of internal carotid artery (ICA).The effect of carotid endarterectomy(CEA) on HVS was assessed.Methods A retrospective analysis of MR FLAIR sequence and cerebral-cervical computed tomography angiography(CTA) was performed in 1 total of 491 patients.Of the 491 patients,41 treated with CEA were evaluated using their pre-and post-operative image data.Patients were divided into ICA stenosis group and non-stenosis group according to the CTA imaging findings.The ICA stenosis group was subdivided into unilateral group and bilateral stenosis group.Furthermore,we measured and graded the ICA of the unilateral stenosis group into seven stenotic degrees,they were＜50％(n=40),50％-＜60％(n=15),60％-＜70％(n=17),70％-＜80％ (n=6),80％-＜90％ (n=7),90％-＜100％ (n=23),100％ (n=24),respectively.Chi square test was used to analyze the occurrence rates of HVS between ICA stenosis and non-stenosis group,and between ICA unilateral and bilateral stenosis group,respectively.Spearman rank correlation was performed to evaluate the correlation between the presence of HVS and stenotic degrees of the ICA.For the 41 patients who underwent CEA,pre-and post-operative image data were compared,focusing on the presence or disappearance of the HVS on MR FLAIR imaging.Results HVS on FLAIR images were observed in 81 of 177 patients(45.76％) with ICA stenosis,and in 59 of 314 patients(18.79％) without ICA stenosis.The occurrence rate of HVS was significantly higher in patients with ICA stenosis than those without ICA stenosis (x2=40.40,P＜0.01).There was no statistical significance in the occurrence rates of HVS between ICA unilateral stenosis group and bilateral stenosis group(x2=0.24,P＞0.05).The occurrence rates of HVS of ICA graded as the seven stenotic degrees were 22.00％(8/40),26.67％(4/15),35.29％(6/17),33.33％ (2/6),42.86％ (3/7),69.57％ (16/23),83.33％ (20/24),respectively.There was a significant positive correlation between the occurrence rates of HVS and the degrees of ICA stenosis(r=0.964,P＜0.01).HVS disappeared in 19(86.36％) out of 22 patients with HVS on pre-operative MR images after CEA in The remaining HVS in 3(13.64％) patients was attributed to the failure of completely recanalization of ICA.Conclusions A close relationship exists between HVS and ICA stenosis.The presence of HVS indicates a high probability of the existence of severe ICA stenosis.A further assessment for ICA stenosis is warranted.HVS disappearance after successful CEA indicates that HVS can be a useful marker for the the evaluation of consequence associated with CEA.

Objective To analyze the current status of neonatal resuscitation in medical institutions in China.Methods With the number of obstetric beds as the inclusion criteria,the survey was conducted in 163 medical institutions randomly selected in 11 provinces (including 51 tertiary hospitals,88 secondary hospitals and 24 primary hospitals) from October 1 to December 31 in 2011.The mail-questionnaire was sent to collect information about system establishment,personnel training,neonatal resuscitation equipment etc.Statistical data was analyzed by t-test,variance analysis and Chi-square test.Results The incidence of neonatal asphyxia among live birth babies was 2.15％ (3328/154 853) in tertiary hospitals,1.41％ (2829/200 731) in secondary hospitals and 1.50％ (701/46 695) in primary hospitals (x2=298.559,P＜0.01).The mortality rate during delivery was 0.41‰ (63/154 853),0.24‰ (48/200 731) and 0.60‰ (28/46 695) at the three different level hospitals,respectively (x2=16.993,P＜0.01).The mortality rate within 24 hours after delivery was 0.42‰ (65/154 853) in tertiary hospitals,0.24‰ (49/200 731) in secondary hospitals and 0.62‰ (29/46 695) in primary hospitals (x2 18.075,P＜0.01).About 86.5％ (141/163) of the included hospitals maintained routine neonatal resuscitation trainings,but only 73.0％ (119/163) applied resuscitation training equipments during the trainings.The outfit rate of basic neonatal resuscitation equipments (such as neonatal laryngoscope,radiant heater) was high in most hospitals,but the outfit rate of equipments recommended by the new guideline (such as umbilical venous catheter,T piece and oxygen saturation meter) was low.For example,the outfit rate of umbilical venous catheter was 23.5％ (12/51),10.2％ (9/88) and 4.2％ (1/24) in tertiary,secondary and primary hospitals respectively (x2 =6.992,P ＜ 0.05).47.9％ (78/163) of the hospitals had set up neonatal intensive care unit,with the proportion in tertiary,secondary and primary hospitals being 80.4％ (41/51),34.1％ (30/88) and 27.2％ (7/24),respectively (x2=31.677,P＜0.01).Most of the hospitals (80.4％,131/163) could ensure the pediatricians being presented in the delivery room for high risk women,and the proportion was 94.1％ (48/51),79.5％ (70/88) and 54.2％ (13/24) in tertiary,secondary and primary hospitals,respectively (x2 =16.591,P＜0.01).There were 88.3％ (144/163) of the hospitals had routine neonatal resuscitation case audit,with the proportion in the three different level hospitals being 94.1％ (48/51),92.0％ (81/88) and 62.5％ (15/24),respectively (x2 =18.388,P＜0.01).Conclusions Strengthen the training,equipment and system establishment in primary medical institutions is conducive to promote neonatal resuscitation.

Objective To study the role of cutaneous nerve and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2)in the development of pruritus in atopic dermatitis(AD).Methods Dermal sheets were prepared from chronically pruritic skin lesions of 7 patients with AD,as well as from the normal skin of 7 healthy human controls.Double labeled immunofluorescence was performed using mouse anti-protein gene product 9.5(PGP9.5)monoclonal antibody and rabbit anti-substance P(SP)polyclonal antibody to observe the morphological changes in cutaneous nerve fibers,and Image-Pro Plus 6 software was used to semiquantitively assess the length,diameter of nerve fibers,integral optimal density of PAR2 and SP in dermal sheets.Results Immunofluoresence double staining showed that PAR2 co-expressed with PGP9.5 or SP in cutaneous nerve fibers.Compared with the normal control skin,both the total length and average diameter of PGP 9.5-expressing nerve fibers were increased(11051.8±1900.9 μm vs 7264.0±2659.9 μm,4.23±0.15 μm vs 3.95±0.15 μm,both P＜0.01)in pruritic lesions,while only the average diameter of SP-expressing nerve fibers was up-regulated(3.99±0.20 μm vs 3.80±0.07 μm,P＜0.05),and the total length of them remained unchanged(4304.7±1455.0 μm vs 3380.0±1735.4 μm,P＞0.05).Also,increased integral optimal density was observed for SP and PAR in pruritic lesions in comparison with the normal control skin (27.71±16.52 vs 12.63±4.31.35.99±8.63 vs 22.69±9.56.both P＜0.05).Conclusion Our results indicate a hyper-plasia of cutaneous nerve fibers in chronic itchv skin lesions of AD and an increase in the expression of PAR2 and SP in the cutaneous nerve fibers,suggesting that the signal enhancement in PAR2 pathway may be related to the mechanism of pruritus in patients with AD.

Objective To investigate the effects of α-lipoic acid on mitochondrial energy metabolism of liver in the rat with obstructive jaundice. Methods Seventy-two male SD rats were randomly divided into groups of sham operation and bile duct-ligation + normal soldium( BDL + NS) and bileduct-ligation + α-lipoic acid( BDL + LA). Malondialdehyde(MDA) , superoxide dismutase(SOD) and ATP, ADP, AMP in rat liver's mitochondrion were examined on days 7,14,21 after operation. Results MDA contents, ADP contents and AMP contents of liver' s mitochondrion were significantly increased at each time point in BDL + NS-group,while SOD contents and ATP contents of liver' s mitochondrion decreased remarkably on the 7th, 14th days; MDA content of liver' s mitochondrion in BDL + LA group was more lower than that in BDL + NS group (P ＜ 0. 01 )on the 21st day; MDA content was further increased in BDL + NS group and in BDL + LA group but there was no difference in their comparisons. On the 7th, 14th days, SOD contents and ATP contents in BDL + LA group were significantly higher than that in BDL + NS group( 7th days,P ＜ 0. 01; 14th days,P ＜ 0.05 ), On the 21 st day SOD contents in BDL + NS group had no difference with that in BDL + LA group (P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions LA has a protective effect on energy metabolism of liver' s mitochondrion in the initial ,metaphase stage of obstructive jaundice.

Objective To research the infection of Rotavirus in children in Hangzhou area and to get the message of the feature of epidemiology. Methods Stool specimens of 156 children with suspected acute viral enteritis in Hangzhou between September 2006 and January 2008 were collected. Rotavirus were detected for all specimens by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results Rotavirus was detected in 86 of 156(55. 1% ) specimens;all the 86 strains belonged to group A. The highest frequency of group A RV detected was 57% (70/123) in patients aged 6 ～ 24 months. Conclusion The major pathogen of acute viral enteritis in children in Hangzhou area between September 2006 and January 2008 was RV. Children under the age of 2 years seemed to be more susceptible to RV infection than those of other age groups. The symptoms of RV enteritis were more severe than those of other viral enteritis.

Objective To investigate the status of the plague natural focus and assess the risk of plague in regions with large scale engineering construction project,in order to provide a basis for plague prevention and control.Methods The survey was carried out in 14 regions with large scale engineering construction project of 40 counties in Guizhou Province in 2000-2011,2-3 towns were selected in each county and 2-3 villages in each town,the plague hosts and flea vectors in the residential houses and outdoors were investigated,the sera of 5 animals were collected in each village.The capture rate of hosts and flea index were calculated.Then the samples were cultured and serological tested for plague.Results The density of rodents was 1.14％-3.87％ in the reservoir region' residential building of hydro power station (Tianshengqiao,Pingban,Silin,Guangzhao,Sanbanxi,Dongqing,Qianzhong,Shatuo) and Xingyi airport,and Rattus flavipestus was the dominant species.The density of rodents was 0.00％-0.84％ in the reservoir region of hydro power station (Hongjiadu,Yingzidu,Goupitan,Longtan) and Jinyang district; the total flea index in Yinzidu,Pingban,Longtan reservoir regions of hydro power stations were 3.16,2.00,1.06,3.47 and 1.99,respectively.A total of 21 rodent and flea samples from Tianshengqiao hydro power station were tested positive for F1 antigen of the plague.Three strains of Yersiniapestis were isolated.Nine rat filter paper blood samples and 7 sera of indicative animals were tested plague F1 antibody positive.Other regions with large scale engineering construction project were tested negative.Conclusions The reservoir region of Tianshengqiao hydro power station is endemic areas of the plague,where belong to high risk areas.The density of Rattus flavipestus is higher than the controlling standard of the country in the reservoir region of hydro power station (Pingban,Silin,Guangzhao,Sanbanxi,Dongqing,Qianzhong,Shatuo),where belong to potential risk areas.The plague prevention and monitoring should be continually strengthened to reduce the risk of plague.