Regulatory T cells play an important role in regulating immune responses.Recently,a novel immune Treg cell with phenotype TCRαβ + CD3 + CD4-CD8-NK1.1-was known as the Double-negative T cells (DNT).DNT cells are able to suppress CD4 + and CD8 + T cells,B cells as well as NK cells and dendritic cells(DCs) and play an important role in regulating immune responses in models of autoimmunity,infection,inflammatory disease,transplantation and tumor immunity.Now DNT cells have already become a hot point in the research of the immunotherapy.This article mainly introduces the possible sources of DNT cells and the mechanisms of their functions.

As small non-coding RNAs,microRNAs (miRNAs)have been recognized as important reg-ulatory factors in the post-transcription regulation network.Studies have shown that miR-133a and miR-133b, as members of miR-133 family,can regulate the expression of target genes such as epidermal growth factor receptor and oncogene.They regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling path-ways,which affect tumor cell proliferation,invasion and migration.MiR-133 plays a key role in the process of tumor development and progression,suggesting that it could be served as a new target for cancer treatment.

Spatial statistics plays an important role in spatial epidemiology studies of echinococcosis .Spatial statistics can be used to describe the spatial distribution ,predict the prevalence ,identify disease clusters ,and analyze the influencing factors of echinococcosis .To describe spatial distribution and predict the prevalence ,we can use spatial interpolation ,empirical bayes smoothing and ellipsoidal gradient .Spatial autocorrelation always used to identify disease clusters .Moran's I value ,Getis'G val‐ue and spatial scan statistics are used to judge spatial autocorrelation .Molding plays an important role on analyzing risk factors of echinococcosis .Generalised linear mixed models and Bayesian model are always performed with both spatial factors ,such as geomorphologic features ,climatic characteristics ,vegetation index and factors which make great effect on disease transmission . To figure out the spatial distribution of echinococcosis is significant for echinococcosis control and prevention .

Objective To analyze the clinical effect and safety of cortical bone decortication combined locking plate fixation for treatment of long bone nonunion of limbs. Methods Eighty patients with long bone nonunion of limbs who were treated in the Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University from Jun. 2010 to Jun. 2013 were selected as our subjects and their clinical data were recorded. According to different treatment methods,the patients were divided into control group and observation group,and each group with 40 cases. Patients in observation group were treated with cortical bone decortication combined locking plate fixation, while in control group were treated with locking plate combined slotted bone graft. Clinical effects and safety of two groups were compared. Results Excellent and good rate in observation group was 100%(40/40),obviously higher than that of control group(90. 0%(36/40);χ2 =4. 21,P﹤0. 05). Bleeding amount during operation in observation group was(370. 5 ± 56. 5)ml,obviously less than that of control group((486. 5 ± 64. 5)ml;t=8. 56,P﹤0. 01). And the fracture healing time was(5. 6 ± 1. 2)months in observation group,shorter than control group((7. 2 ± 1. 5)months;t =5. 27,P ﹤0. 01). The postoperative complication occurrence rate was 5. 0%(2/40),significantly lower than control group(20. 0%(8/40);χ2 =4. 11,P ﹤0. 05). Conclusion Cortical bone decortication combined locking plate fixation for treatment of long bone nonunion of limbs is safe and effective,and it can reduce operation injury and accelerate postoperative healing of fracture.

Objective To compare the treatment effects of catheter directed thrombolysis and thrombetomy for acute ar?terial ischemia of the lower extremity. Methods Patients who visited Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from 2011 to 2013 and were attacked by acute ischemic disease of lower extremities within 3 days (n=66) were investigated. Thrombetomy and thrombolysis treatment had been performed to 32 cases and 34 cases respectively according to patients’ own willingness. Postoperative symptom remission rate, limb salvage rate, fatality rate, reperfusion injury rate (including re?nal inadequacy, heart failure, muscle fascia compartment syndrome), bleeding rate and limb dysfunction rate were compared between these two groups. Results There was no statistical difference on the rate of symptom remission (93.8% vs 94.1%), limb salvage(96.9%vs 100%), case fatality rate(3.1%vs 0), bleeding rate(0 vs 8.8%)and limb dysfunction rate (0 vs 5.9%)between these two groups. However, the incidence of reperfusion injury was higher in the group of thrombectomy (37.5%vs 2.9%, P<0.05)compared to that of the other group. Conclusion Similar effect of treatment and less reperfusion injury, especially renal injury, had been achieved by CDT compared with thrombetomy.

Coordinated care delivery is faced with various challenges to carry out in China,which are major decisions to make for decision makers,including how to push forward,how to deliver resources, services and patients to primary institutions,and how to ease the difficulties and affordability of seeing doctors.Based on analysis of roadblocks in coordinated care delivery in China,the authors provided near-term and long-term policy recommendations on the system,including how to build a scientific and reasonable healthcare delivery system,coordinated care delivery by stages,building incentives and constraint mechanisms,and enhancing public awareness and patient-doctor education.

Concept of coordinated care delivery is clearly defined,before a comparative analysis is made between such a concept and the integrated care delivery concept which is popular overseas and similar.On such basis,a theory framework is established for building and implementing such care delivery in line with the integrated theory of care delivery systems.Coordinated care delivery system now in place in China aims at rationally delivering medical resources,services and patients to primary institutions,by means of efficiently distributing resources and service systems and integrating care delivery flows,thus offering patients with cost effective and appropriate services and optimizing the care delivery system.

Objective To explore the feasibility of the hydrogel as a cell carrier for parathyroid cells.Methods Cryopreserved parathyroid cells were recovered and cultured until sufficient,then the cells were digested、centrifuged and pipetted to single-cell suspension.The chitosan solution,crosslinking agents and cell suspension were mixed to hydrogels by some ratio.After that,hydrogels covered by complete medium were incubated at 37 ℃ in constant temperature incubator.Meanwhile,the supernatant were collected for measuring the PTH level every other day and the viability and shape of cells in hydrogels was also evaluated by fluorescopy.Results Parathyroid cells were recovered and cultured successfully and the adherent cells were spindle-like.The hydrogel could be prepared at room temperature in less than 1 minutes.The fluorescent confocal microscopy showed that more than 90％ of the cells in the hydrogel kept viable after 24 hours and the proportion had no significant change after 3 days.Furthermore,PTH was detected in the supernatants.Conclusion The facilely prepared inexpensive hydrogel,which can maintain normal morphlology and function of cells,is of potential application to cell transplantation therapy for hypopatathyroidism.

The bone morphogenetic protein(BMP),as a member of the transforming growth factor beta(TGF-?) family,plays a pivotal role in the formation,induction,maintenance and repair of the bone.The expression level of BMPs has a direct influence on the differentiation of mesenchymal osteoprogenitors and the regulation of osteoblastic features.Among BMPs,BMP-2 is the most widely studied and has the strongest activity in inducing bone formation.This article reviews the current advances in researches on BMP-2 for bone repair.

Th17 cells have recently emerged as a third independent helper T(Th) cell subset that is different from the classical Th1 and Th2 cells.Th17 cells can specifically secrete IL-17 and play an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis.In this article, we review the origin and differentiation regulation of Th17 cells, the relationship between IL-17 and tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis and metastasis, and try to provide a new direction for the diagnosis and treatment of tumor.