The link between micro- and macro-parameters for radiation interactions that take place in living biological systems is described in this paper. Meanwhile recent progress and development in microdosimetry and nanodosimetry are introduced, including the methods to measure and calculate these micro- or nano-parameters. The relationship between radiobiology and physical quantities in microdosimetry and nanodosimetry was presented. Both the current problems on their applications in radiation protection and radiotherapy and the future development direction are proposed.
Humans ; Physics ; Radiation Protection ; Radiobiology ; Radiometry

Objective To establish the method to determine the content of ?-sitosterol in Rhizoma Heterosmilacis Japonicae.Method ?-sitosterol in Rhizoma Heterosmilacis Japonicae was determined by HPLC.Chromatographic column was sinachrom ODS-BP 5 ?m column(4.6 mm?250 mm).Mobile phase was methanol-0.1% H3PO4 liquor.Detection wavelength was 210 nm.Flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.Result ?-sitosterol showed a good linear curve in the range of 0.22～8.8 ?g(r=1.000 0).The average recovery was 96.5% with RSD of 1.15%.Conclusion The method was accurate and reproducible,and can be used to control the quality of Rhizoma Heterosmilacis Japonicae.

Objective This research aimed to study if the cerebral vascular injury can be caused by the positional asphyxia. Method The brain tissue sections were studied immunohistochemically (SABC method) by using the anti-human von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and anti-human albumin as the first antibody. Results No positive expression of vWF and albumin was found in the cerebral blood vessels of control group. The vivid positive expression of albumin and vWF were observed in the positional asphyxia group. Conclusion The results indicate that the positional asphyxia can result the expression of the vWF in the cerebral vessels and it seems one of the injury markers in the cerebral blood vessels and can be used to probe the mechanism of positional asphyxia.

BACKGROUND: It is indicated in researches of recent years that both astragalus and angelica act on anti-free radical and protect renal injury due to ischemia / reperfusion.OBJECTIVE: To observe the protection and its mechanism of astragalus and angelica injections on adenosine triphosphate-ase (ATPase) in renal injury due to ischemia/reperfusion.DESIGN: The observing controlled experiment based on experimental animals .SETTING: Physiological teaching & research room and teaching & research room of renal functional protection in a medical college. MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Physiological Experimental Room of Luzhou Medical College from January 2001 to March 2001. Totally 33 Japanese big-ear white healthy adult rabbits of either sex were employed,provided by Experimental Animal Center of Luzhou Medical College, in the mass of(1.63 + 0. 22) kg. According to random number table, they were divided in sham-operation control(8 rabbits), simple ischemia/reperfusion group (8 rabbits), astragalus injection + ischemia/reperfusion group (astragalus group) (8 rabbits) and angelica injection + ischemia/reperfusion group(angelica group) (9 rabbits).METHODS: One day before operation, on the day of operation and 1 day after operation, successively, intravenous medical injections (astragalus 1.25 g/kg,angelica 12.5 g/kg) were administrated in astragalus and angelica groups everyday respectively, and injection with physiological saline 5 mL/kg was applied in the control and simple ischemia/reperfusion group. In 48 hours reperfusion after 1 hour ischemia in kidney, blood sample was collected from inferior vena cava. The upper tissue of the right kidney was collected and fixed by placed in 30 mL/L glutaraldehyde and the lower tissue was prepared into homogenate. Ultrastructure of renal tissue was examined with electron microscope; serum creatinine level and ATPase activity in renal tissue were assayed.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ultrastructure of renal tissue, serum creatinine level and ATPase activity in renal tissue.RESULTS: In simple ischemia/reperfusion group, renal tissue was degenerated significantly, and the disorders in astragalus and angelica groups were reduced markedly compared with simple ischemia/reperfusion group. Serum creatinine level in simple ischemia/reperfusion group was higher remarkably than the sham-operation control ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), and that in astragalus and angelica groups was reduced than simple ischemia/reperfusion group (P ＜ 0. 05) . In simple ischemia/reperfusion group, the levels of Mg2+-ATPaes, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase were(0. 155 ±0. 020),(0.179±0.018), (0.150±0.022) nkat/g respectively, which was markedly reduced compared with sham-operation control [ (0. 174 + 0. 012),(0. 198 + 0. 012), (0. 181 + 0. 017) nkat/g], ( t = 2. 344, 2. 438, 3. 014,P ＜ 0.05 ). In astragalus and angelica groups, respectively, the activities of Mg2+-ATPaes, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase were(0. 172 ± 0. 023),(0. 196 ±0. 077), (0. 175 ±0. 016) and (0. 177 ±0. 015), (0. 200 ±0.011 )and (0. 181 ± 0. 025) nkat/g successively. Except that Mg2+-ATPaes activity in astragalus group was not different significantly from that in simple ischemia/reperfusion group, all the rest were higher than simple ischemia/reperfusion group(t =2. 372 -2. 786, P ＜0.05).CONCLUSION: Both astragalus and angelica inhibit the decrease of ATPase and improve the disturbed local blood-flow adjustment in kidney, which has provided experimental basis of astragalus and angelica on reducing renal injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion through protecting ATPase.

Objective:To develop non-immunized human phage display library.Methods:The total RNA of lymphocyte cells from peripheral blood of healthy voluntee was isolated and cDNA was synthesized,and the genes of heavy variable chain (VH) and light variable chain (V? and V?) were amplified by direct PCR and half-nested PCR.By overlapping extension PCR,the genes of VH and VL (V? and V?) were linked.The linked genes of single chain Fv fragment (scFv) were ligated with the vector pCANTAB-5E and then cloned into TG1 for the scFv library construction.Results:By direct PCR and half-nested PCR,42 VH fragments,16 V? and 18 V? fragments were obtained.The size of linked scFv library genes was 750 bp and the volume of constructed scFv library was 1.35?108.The results of BstN Ⅰ analysis of scFv genes from the phage library showed that fingerprint map of the selected scFvs was different.Conclusion:The developed phage library is diversity and can be used for selecting humanized scFv.

Objective To investigate the CT characteristics of retroperitoneal extra-adrenal paraganglioma(PGL).Methods CT findings of 11 patients with pathologically confirmed retroperitoneal extra-adrenal PGL were analyzed retrospectively,and the relevant literature was reviewed.All patients received plain CT as well as contrast-enhancement CT scan.Results All of the 11 tumors were located in the retroperitoneal space around large blood vessels,including 2 functional and 9 unfunctional extra-adrenal paragangliomas.Eight of 11 cases were benign tumors which presented as round or oval masses with sharp margins,separated from surrounding structures clearly;while the rest 3 cases,which with indistinct edge,even more with the invasion of surrounding structures (renal artery,renal venous and pancreas),were confirmed to be malignant.Most of the tumors were heterogeneous on plain CT.It was common to see intratumoral necrosis or cystic degeneration in the tumors (9 cases),while hemorrhage or calcification was uncommon,which was found in 3 and 2 cases,respectively.Homogeneous intensity was only observed in 2 masses with diameter less than 4 cm.On contrast-enhanced CT image, the solid part of the tumors presented continuously significant enhancement.Dilated feeding artery was found in or around the masses (8 cases) in artery phase.Conclusion There are certain characteristics of retroperitoneal extra-adrenal paraganglioma on CT scanning, which are helpful for preoperative diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Objective To study the effect of obesity and overweight on the hospital stays and total course of common pneumonia in children and the possible reasons.Methods A total of 455 children with common pneumonia aged from 2 to 7 years were enrolled in this study,including 147 obese children,141 overweight children and 167 normal weight children.Then all the children were divided into 2 groups based on age:≥ 2-4 years group and ≥ 4-7 years group.The information of the patients was collected from the medical records management system of our hospital,and including gender,age,weight,height,hospital stays,total course,peripheral blood cell counts (white blood cell,neutrophil,monocyte and lymphocyte),C-reactive protein (CRP),erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),IgG,IgA,CD4 + T,CD8 +T and the history of recurrent pneumonia.Results In ≥ 2-4 years group,the average length of the hospital stays of common pneumonia in obese and overweight children was longer than that in the normal weight children(P =0.037,0.009),and the total course of common pneumonia in obese children was longer than that in the normal weight children (P =0.014).In ≥ 4-7 years group,the average length of the hospital stays and total course of common pneumonia in obese and overweight children were longer than those in the normal weight children (the hospital stay:P =0.002,0.000,the total course:P =0.004,0.001).In ≥2-4 years group,the peripheral blood cell counts(white blood cell,neutrophil,monocyte and lymphocyte),CRP,ESR,IgG,IgA,CD4 + T,CD8 + T,CD4 + T/CD8 + T and the history of recurrent pneumonia were of no significant difference among obese,overweight and normal weight children (all P ＞0.05).In ≥4-7 years group,the peripheral blood cell counts(white blood cell,neutrophil,monocyte and lymphocyte),and ESR were of no significant difference among obese,overweight and normal weight children (all P ＞ 0.05),but the levels of IgG,CD4 + T and CD4 + T/CD8 + T in obese and overweight children were lower than those in the normal weight children,and the obese children were more notable in this aspect (P ＜ 0.05).And obese and overweight children were more likely to suffer from recurrent pneumonia.Conclusions Obese and overweight children with common pneumonia aged from 2 to 7 years may need longer hospital stay and total course than normal weight children.Impaired immunity may be the main reason for the ≥4-7 years group,but in the ≥2-4 years old group,it may be attribute to some non-immune factors.

Objective The report was focused on polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) in female adolescents related to homosexual precocious puberty,and the new awareness of its influence on long-term health of homosexual precocious girls.Methods A girl with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) but diagnosed as PCOS in adolescence was reported and the data were reviewed.Results A girl was diagnosed as ICPP when she was near 8 years old with obesity,but without hyperinsulinemia,then she received the treatment of a 3.75 mg dose gonadotropin hormone analogues (GnRHa) every 28 days.Her gonads development was under control while her growth was arrested.Growth hormone(GH) injection started at 13 months.She stopped all medications when finished GH and GnRHa treatment for 12 months and 25 months.She went to see doctors again because of no menarche after discontinuing medication for nearly 2 years.She appeared obese and acne,hirsutism,athanens negricans and purple purple striae on the skin.Hyperinsulinemia and hypertestosterone were demonstrated.Pelvic B ultrasonography showed polycystic ovary,and she was diagnosed as PCOS.She was ordered to lose weight and to take metformin.And adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulating test was done,and B ultrasonography again ruled out atypical congenital adrenal hyperplasia and tumor of adrenal gland.She got her menarche 1 month later.Twelve months after the PCOS diagnosis and treatment,she had 4 menses,her insulin level decreased,glucose tolerance and her serum testosterone level turned normal.At the same time,the form of ovarian and follicular was significantly reduced.After taking mefformin for 20 months,her height and weight did not change,her menstrual was regular every 35-40 days,each time lasting about 7 days.She was followed up.We also reviewed literatures and learnt that precocious puberty might not be a benign situation and it might have an intrinsic relation to obesity,precocious puberty and PCOS.It might be the cofactors for causing PP and PCOS that accessed luteinizing hormone(LH) secretion and disorder of hypothalamus pituitary gonad(HPG) axis except obesity with hyperinsulinemia.Reported pubertas praecox in childhood developed to PCOS at 30％ with high prevalence of obesity.GnRHa suppressive therapy might relate to PCOS and had disputation for improving final height.There were fewer investigations on adolescent PCOS,and no consensus guideline on it in China.Conclusions Girls with ICPP may develop to PCOS some time later.The clinical features of the reported girl and the knowledge from literatures support the hypothesis that inner relationship between the CPP and the PCOS.The LH high secretion and disorder of HPG axis may be the causes of them; LH treatment on suppressing obesity should be cautious during treatment.The benefit and risk from GnRHa treatment should be evaluated thoroughly.Further clinical research should be conducted on adolescent PCOS.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether hypothalamic silencing of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3( SOCS3 ) by RNA interference ( RNAi ) attenuates diet-induced obesity and leptin resistance in rats.Methods Hypothalamic SOCS3-deficient rats were established by means of lentiviral vector ( LV ) mediated RNAi technique,and then were fed with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks.After the rats were sacrificed,the serum leptin and insulin concentrations were measuredbyRIA, andthe expressionof SOCS3inhypothalamus was detectedby immunohistochemistry and realtime PCR.ResultsThe immunostaining showed that SOCS3 protein expression was significantly reduced and the expression of SOCS3 mRNA was decreased by 49％ in SOCS3 RNAi group compared to the controls( P＜0.01 ).The rats with hypothalamic SOCS3 knockdown exhibited a significant hampering in gaining body weight with lowered concentrations of leptin[ ( 8.18±2.10 vs 10.85±2.23 ) ng/ml ],insulin[ ( 18.89±4.88 vs 26.78±6.01 )mU/L],glucose [ (4.89±0.91 vs 6.26± 1.41 )mmol/L] and triglyceride [ (0.47 ±0.10 vs 0.62 ±0.16)mmol/L] when exposed to a high-fat diet(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 ).ConclusionThe results provide evidence that rats with hypothalamic SOCS3 silencing by RNAi are resistant to diet-induced obesity,leptin resistance,and metabolic disorder.