There is a great deal of discrepancy among the descriptions of the formation ofsplanchnic nerves. Our present descriptions of the splanchnic nerves are based on thefindings of dissection on 70 cadavers, and the details are as follows: 1. The greater splanchnic nerves varied in origin from the fourth to the elevenththoracic sympathetic ganglion, while the lesser and the lowest both varied in origin fromthe eighth thoracic sympathetic ganglion to the first lumber sympathetic ganglion. According to the upper limit of origin, the greater splanchnic nerve may be dividedinto 3 types: Type 1. High origin: T4-5 occurred on 42 sides (30%). Type 2. Intermediate origin: T6-7 appeared on 86 sides (61.44%). Type 3. Low origin: T8-9 was present on 12 sides (8.5%). It must be pointed out that besides the sympathetic ganglia, some splanchnic nervesmay take origin from the intersegmental rami. 2. In our specimens, the frequency of occurrence of the lowest splanchnic nervewas 77.85%. 3. The number of roots which took part in the formation of the splanchnic nerveswere not equal. This unequality was due to the combination of some roots into commontrunks. According to our present research, the roots of the greater splanchnic nervevaried in number from one to seven (the most common number being 3), the lesser fromone to five (the most common number being 1) and the lowest from one to three (themost common number being 1). 4. The splanchnic nerves usually pierced the diaphragm separately. The space be-tween the medial crus and the intermedial crus of the diaphragm was the most commonplace of piercing. In this article, the splanchnic ganglia were also fully described.

Objective To explore the imaging characteristics of common malignant sinonasal tumors for improving the diagnostic accuracy of the disease. Methods Radiological and clinical data of 78 patients with sino-nasal malignant tumors confirmed by pathological examination were retrospectively analyzed. Results Sinonasal malignant tumors lacked imaging specificity. Most of CT showed uneven soft tissue densities with unclear boundary and destruction of bone which invaded the soft tissue outside of the cavity including orbit or intra-cranium. There was moderate to remarkable enhancement of the lesion. T1WI in MR demonstrated homo-and hypo-intense signal , while T2WI revealed homo- and hyper-intense signal ,and post contrast MR imaging displayed heterogeneous con-trast enhancement. There was no significant statistical difference between CT and MRI in the detection rate of ma-lignant tumors(P > 0.05),but CT in combination with MRI improved the positive rate of detection(P < 0.05). Conclusions The imaging of sinonasal malignant tumors is complicated and lacks specificity. For complicated si-nonasal malignant tumors,enhanced CT in combination with MRI should be used to determine the nature and limi-tation of the tumor,and its relationship with the surrounding structures,resulting in improvement of the diagnostic accuracy of the disease.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, on learning and memory ability of mice with pilocarpine (PILO)-induced seizure.

METHODSOne hundred and sixty male adult ICR mice were randomly grouped as vehicle control (n=20), rapamycin control (n=20), PILO model (n=40), rapamycin pre-treatment (n=40) and rapamycin post-treatment (n=40). PILO model and rapamycin treatment groups were injected with PILO to induce temporal lobe seizure. Rapamycin was administrated for 3 days before or after seizure. Morris water maze, Y maze and open field were used for the assessment of learning and memory, and FJB and Timm staining were conducted to detect the neuronal cell death and mossy fiber sprouting, respectively.

RESULTSNo significant cell death was observed in the mice with PILO-induced seizure. The learning and memory were impaired in mice 7 to 10 days after PILO-induced seizure, which was evident by prolongation of avoiding latency (P<0.05), decrease in number of correct reaction (P<0.01) and number of crossing (P<0.05). Treatment with rapamycin both pre-and post- PILO injection reversed seizure-induced cognitive impairment. In addition, rapamycin inhibited the mossy fiber sprouting after seizure (P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONRapamycin improves learning and memory ability in ICR mice after PILO-induced seizure, and its mechanism needs to be further studied.

Animals ; Cell Death ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epilepsy ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Neurons ; drug effects ; pathology ; Pilocarpine ; toxicity ; Sirolimus ; pharmacology

Objective:To study the correlation of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1(UGT1A1) gene polymorphism and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia among Dai ethnic group in Yunnan province.Methods:From January 2020 to December 2022, Dai neonates with unexplained neonatal hyperbilirubinemia admitted to three hospitals in Yunnan Province were prospectively enrolled into the hyperbilirubinemia group. Neonates hospitalized during the same period without hyperbilirubinemia were selected as the control group. The serum total bilirubin levels were measured and UGT1A1 gene sequencing was performed in all neonates. The differences of genotype frequency and allele frequency of UGT1A1 gene in the two groups were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the effects of each mutation on hyperbilirubinemia among Dai neonates.Results:A total of 92 neonates were in the hyperbilirubinemia group and 86 in the control group. No significant differences existed between the two groups on following items: gender, age at admission, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), feeding pattern, white blood cell count (WBC) and hemoglobin level ( P>0.05).Three mutation loci were detected in the hyperbilirubinemia group (c.211G>A, c.1091C>T and c.1456T>G), with frequencies 45.7%, 3.3% and 2.2%, respectively. Two mutation loci were detected in the control group (c.211G>A and c.1091C>T), with frequencies 17.4% and 1.2%. Correlation analysis showed that c.211G>A frequency (45.7%) and A allele frequency (23.9%) in the hyperbilirubinemia group were significantly higher than the control group ( P<0.05). No significant differences existed in the frequencies of c.1091C>T and c.1456T>G between the two groups ( P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that c.211G>A was risk factor of unexplained neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Dai neonates ( OR=3.976, 95% CI 1.991-7.941). Conclusions:The most common mutation of UGT1A1 gene in Chinese Dai neonates with unexplained neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Yunnan Province is c.211G>A, which increases the risk of hyperbilirubinemia.

Objective    To investigate the feature of the angulation between left pulmonary artery (LPA) and main pulmonary artery (MPA) and its relationship to pulmonary artery development in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Methods    A total of 101 TOF patients in West China Hospital from 2014 to 2018 were enrolled in a TOF group, including 62 males and 39 females, aged 6.8 (0.3-45.8) years, and another 20 patients without basic cardiac diseases at the same stage were enrolled in a control group, including 10 males and 10 females, aged 6.9 (0.3-54.0) years. Diameters of LPA, right pulmonary artery (RPA) and MPA, the angulation between LPA and MPA (MPA-LPA), McGoon ratio, and Nakata index were measured and compared between the two groups. The relationship between the above data and MPA-LPA angulation was also analyzed. Results    The average MPA-LPA angulation was smaller in the TOF group than that in the control group (113.63° vs. 128.45°, P=0.001 8). The MPA Z score was also smaller in the TOF group than that in the control group (0.46 vs. 2.75, P=0.000 4). No relationship was found by correlation analysis between the MPA-LPA angulation and MPA Z score or LPA Z score in the control group (P=0.239 6, 0.114 7) and the TOF group (P=0.759 3, 0.242 7). The McGoon ratios (2.22±0.72, 2.43±0.94, P=0.340 0) and Nakata index (359.3±294.24, 395.52±329.31, P=0.650 0) were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion    The angulation of LPA-MPA and MPA Z score are smaller in the TOF group than those in the control group. There is no relationship between MPA-LPA angulation and pulmonary artery diameters. The LPA-MPA angulation should not be considered as an influence factor for LPA development and trans-annular patch surgery.