Respiratory viral infections are the most common cause of infantile wheezing, as well as one of the major inducents of acute exacebarbations of chronic childhood asthma. Recent studies focus on the mechanism of virus-induced airway inflammatory response which is still not completely clear. Many new pathophysiologic mechanisms such as epigenetics are advanced to explain the association between viral respiratory infections and asthma attack. In the present reports, recent data on the role of early-life viral infections in the development and progression of childhood asthma are reviewed.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for delayed graft function (DGF) recovery in the recipients of kidney transplantation after the operation. Methods The data of 209 recipients who received kidney transplantation during January 2005 to March 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. The DGF group comprised of 47 cases. 162 cases without DGF constituted the control group. Chi-square analysis method was employed to look for the risk factors of DGF, including warm ischemia time ≥10min, hypovolaemia in the recipient, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), nephrotoxicity of calmodulin inhibitors, acute rejection (AR), 12h ≤ cold ischemia time ≤ 24h, sex, age ≥ 50, the modus of dialysis, the number of times of transplantation, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) zygosity, urinary fistula or obstruction of ureter during early period after operation, blood-transfusion before transplantation and hepatitis virus infection. Then Logistic regression analysis was used to assess and rank the relative risk of potential variables. Results The incidence of DGF was 22.5%(47/209). All patients recovered within 20.8?10.3 days except 2 cases due to AR and 1 case due to graft phlebothrombosis. The relative risk factors include AR, ATN, nephrotoxicity of calmodulin inhibitors, recipient hypovolaemia and warm ischaemia time ≥ 10min. Conclusion The ranking of risk factors is as following, ATN, nephrotoxicity of calmodulin inhibitors, recipient hypovolaemia, AR and warm ischaemia time ≥ 10min, according to decrement of the coefficient correlation. It is very important to comprehend the risk factors thoroughly in order to prevent them effectively.

Objective To analyze the clinical data of living related donor kidney transplantation,and to evaluate the related problems including the donor selection and safety,the surgical approach of living donor nephrectomy,preoperative intervention,and the relation of type matching with transplantation result.Methods Data of 30 cases of living donor kidney transplantation during 07/2002 to 07/2007 were studied retrospectively.29 cases were primary transplantation and only in one patient the transplantation was repeated,2 patients secured their transplants from the spouse,while in 28 cases transplants were donated by relatives.The blood type of all the patients was identical with an exception in 2 cases,in whom the blood type was compatible.The HLA matching results were:1 case with no-mismatch,3 cases with 4-loci mismatch,13 cases with 2-loci mismatch and 13 cases with 1-locus mismatch.The kidney was obtained with open nephrectomy in 21 cases,and in 9 donors the was harvested laparoscopically.In the 30 cases,one right kidney was donated,and the left kidneys were donated in other 29 cases.Triple-combined immunosuppressive protocols consisted of calcineurin inhibitors(CNI),MMF/Aza and steroid.Results Except in one case the allograft was removed for hyperacute rejection,and in one recipient who was again retransplanted with a cadaveric kidney due to dysfunction of transplanted kidney,28 recipients recovered smoothly in 6.3?8.0 days.In 4 cases infection with cytomegalovirus after the surgery occurred,but recovered after anti-virus treatment with ganciclovir.One patient suffered from urinary leakage,and recovered after adequate drainage,nutritional support and infection prevention.Two patients suffered from acute rejection in the first month after transplantation and reversed after hormone stosstheraphy.All donors recovered.The renal function also recovered.Conclusion Both the strict selection of donor and the overall preoperative evaluation of the donor and recipient are critical for the success of transplantation.Living relative donor kidney transplantation is worth of popalarizing,as it has preferable HLA match,short waiting time and renal ischemia time,and the source of donor kidney is expanded.

ObjectiveTo further understand the clinic manifestations of childhood primary Sjogren's Syndrome(pSS) and enhance early diagnosis. MethodsFive cases of pSS from Renji Hospital, Shanghai, were reported and their clinical features were analysoed. And literatures from Medline database and Weipu database were reviewed and discussed. Results①Childhood pSS had various clinic presentations that were non-specific and sicca symptoms were absent or occur late in most cases. ② The most common presentations were recurrent parotiditis and cutaneous manifestations with various locations and forms. ③ American-European Criteria for SS were not suitable for the diagnosis of childhood pSS. ConclusionRecurrent parotiditis and cutaneous manifestations in children can be used as clues for the diagnosis of childhood pSS but needs to be further confirmed by the positive results of salivary gland biopsy and autoantibodies examination, particularly SSA/SSB.

Objective To design a modular two-direction scalpel handle with easy assembly and disassembly to solve the problems of common handle in function singleness,directivity,assembling and disassembling,pick-up and etc.Methods A scalpel handle module involving in a single-groove two-direction tailstock,multifunctional handle and etc was designed according to international standards,which consisted of more than 10 kinds of instruments for orthopedic surgery and etc such as two-direction scalpel handle with easy assembly and disassembly,bent wrench,probe introducer,needle-knife remover and measuring tools.Simulation experiment,clinical trial and control test were carried out to verify the efficacy of the handle module.Results It's proved that the handle module gained advantages in safety,convenience,prevention of sharp instrument injury,decrease of human errors and etc.Conclusion The handle module behaves well in modularity,integration,multifunction,two-direction adaptability,easy assembly and disassembly,safety,storage and carrying,high costperformance ratio and etc,meets the requirements of Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization,and is suitable for military and civilian uses.

Objective To explore the pathogenic genes relevant to Behcet's disease (BD) by building the differentail gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes in BD. Methods Oligonucleotide gene array from Affymetrix Company was applied to study the differed expression levels of whole genome between three age and sex matched BD patients and normal controls. Four genes, BCL6, LRAP, ICOSLG and MME, were selected to be tested for gene expression levels by real-time PCR in the groups of BD, normol controls (NC), Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) peticnts. Results ① Differential gene expression profile of BD compared to that of normal controls was built up. It contained 89 up-regulated and 57 down-regulated genes. ② Four genes mentioned above had significantly higher expression levels in active BD patients than those in NC but had lower exoression levels in stable BD patients. The expression levels of BCL6 and MME were also proved to be increased significantly in BD than in RA and SLE patients. Conclusion ① Our work shed some light on further research of the etiopathogenesis of BD. ② The expression levels of the four genes are proved to be relevant to BD the first time by us. Further analysis showes that TNF-α and IFN-γ can up-regulate the expression levels of BCL6, LRAP and ICOSLG which may be novel to BD. The MME gene is expressed on the surface of cells, which is convenient for test and may potentially be a marker for the diagnosis of BD.

Aim To clone apoptosis-related genes from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and to analyze the character of the method used in the process. Methods A poptotic cell model of MCF-7 cells was established with the apoptotic tumor cells induced by the all-trans-retinoic acid. The apoptotic gene was cloned from the model by improved PCR-based subtractive hybridization. Results 5 clones were identified to be related to apoptosis by reverse dot blot, 4 of them were known genes, and 3 were related to apoptosis. A novel gene， named apmcf-1, coded for 47 amino acid was identified. This gene was accepted by Genbank, the accession number was AF141882. Conclusion This improved PCR-based subtractive hybridization may be an efficient way in cloning differential expression gene.

BACKGROUND:Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 is a newly discovered costimulatory molecule. It has been studied more in tumor and autoimmune diseases, less in the field of kidney transplantation.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the role of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 in acute rejection after renal transplantation.
METHODS:Fifty patients undergoing renal transplantation were divided into acute rejection group (20 cases) and stable graft function group (30 cases). Another 30 healthy persons served as control group. Blood samples were extracted from the peripheral blood. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 in the serum showed significant differences in the acute rejection group, stable graft function group and healthy control group (F=70.008 1, P=0.000 0), but showed no difference in peripheral blood lymphocytes of three groups (F=1.865 6, P=0.161 7). Compared with the healthy control group, the expression levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of acute rejection group and stable graft function group were significantly decreased (P=0.000 0). In addition, the acute rejection group had a lower cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 expression than the stable graft function group (P=0.000 0). In renal transplant rejection, the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 in serum was reduced, showing some correlation with acute rejection after renal transplnatation. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 might be involved in the rejection.

Objective : To investigate the mechanism by which Erastin affects ferroptosis in lung fibroblasts. Methods: Mouse lung fibroblasts (C57/B6⁃L) were treated with varying concentrations of the iron death inducer Erastin, Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting Kit⁃8 (CCK⁃8) assay. Oxidative stress levels were visualize using a fluorescence microscope , and the expression of proteins related to the mitogen⁃activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was analyzed using Western blot. Additionally , the p38 and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitors SB203580 and U0126 were employed to further elucidate the mechanism by which Erastin induces iron death in lung fibroblasts. : At a concentration of 100 μmol/L , Erastin effectively in⁃duced ferroptosis in lung fibroblasts , leading to an upregulation of oxidative stress. Furthermore , the phosphoryla⁃tion levels of p38 and ERK proteins in the MAPK pathway were elevated (P < 0. 05) . The addition of SB203580 and U0126 inhibitors resulted in a significant reduction in oxidative stress levels and a notable increased in cell actiivity in lung fibroblasts (P < 0. 05) . It can be concluded that Erastin induces ferroptosis in lung fibroblasts , potentially through the mediation of oxidative stress via the MAPK signaling pathway.

Objective To study effects of different types of high-impact exercises on the increment of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) . Methods Thirty-nine male volunteers, including 13 hoopsters, 13 paratroopers, and 13 common college students as the control, were recruited and divided into two subgroups (subgroup 1:20-22 years old; subgroup 2:23-25 years old). Their BMDs and BMCs on calcaneus, first through fifth metatarsus, hip, and lumbar spine (L1-4) were evaluated. Results The BMC of calcaneus, the first and second metatarsals, total lumbar spine, and total hip in the hoopster group was significantly higher than that in the control group and paratrooper group. The hoopster group obtained statistically higher BMD at the lumbar spine, hip, and femoral neck than the other two groups. However, the BMCs and BMDs of the paratrooper group and control group had no significant differences at almost all measured anatomical locations. Conclusions BMC and BMD are not always in positive correlation with vertical ground reaction forces during normal exercises. Compared with parachuting training, playing basketball as a kind of variable load exercise can effectively increase BMC and BMD, and is more beneficial for reducing the risk of osteoporotic fracture.