Bioethics is an interdisciplinary subject that initiated in the 1970s. It concerns about negative effects brought up by modern biotechnology and its revolutionary application and consequence. This essay summarizes the current research situation in China, the disputes on two of the major bioethics issues-genetics and cloning, makes a brief international comparison of public policies different countries take on bioethics issues, and indicates what Chinese government should pay more attention to in the policymaking process on bioethics: to confront the disputes, to emphasize the public participation, and enhance the transparency of public policymaking process.

Objective To explore the application value of calcium hydroxide agent in root canal disinfection of patients with chronic periapical periodontitis in stomatology department.Methods 108 cases patients with chronic periapical periodontitis from June 2013 to June 2014 in Cixi Guanhaiwei Zhen Health Centers were randomly divided into study group (n =54) and control group (n=54).The control group received camphor phenol cotton for root canal disinfection, and study group received calcium hydroxide agent.The clinical curative effect between two groups was compared.Results After 7 days’ treatment, the total effective rate was 98.15%in study group, which was significantly higher than 79.63%in control group (χ2 =9.375,P<0.05).After follow up 6 months, the total effective rate was 94.44%in study group, which was significantly higher than 77.78%in control group (χ2 =6.271,P<0.05).The incidence of endodontic interappointment pain (EIP) in study group was 11.11%, which was significantly lower than 25.93%of control group (χ2 =3.93,P<0.05).Conclusion Calcium hydroxide agent has a significant efficacy on in root canal disinfection of patients with chronic periapical periodontitis in stomatology department, could reduce the incidence of EIP and promote healing of chronic periapical periodontitis, which is the first disinfectant in the stomatology department of primary hospital.

Objective To investigate the influence of sevoflurane and total intravenous anesthesia with propofol on hepatic and renal function in elder patients under gastrectomy .Methods 55 patients between the ages of 60-75 ,ASA physical status class Ⅰor Ⅱ ,scheduled for an elective gastrectomy were randomly divided into two groups .Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane 1% -1 .2% and remifentanil (0 .1-0 .2)μg · kg -1 · min-1 in the group S and propofol (1 -2)mg · kg -1 · h-1 and remifentanil (0 .1-0 .2)μg · kg -1 · min-1 in the group T .The hepatic and renal function ,aspartate aminotransferase (AST ) ,alanine amin-otransferase(ALT),bloodureanitrogen(BUN)andcreatinineweretestedatpreoperation(baseline),postoperative1dayand3 days .Results AST was increased at postoperative 1 day and 3 day ,compared with that of the preoperation in the group S and group T .Serum BUN at 3 day and creatinine at 1 day and 3 day were significantly higher from the preoperative values in group S (P<0 .05) ,but the values were within its normal limit .ALT was not changed after anesthesia in the both groups .And Serum BUN and creatinine were not changed after anesthesia in the T groups (P>0 .05) .There were no significant difference in the AST ,ALT , BUN and creatinine between the groups(P>0 .05) .Conclusion The changes of hepatic and renal effect after inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane and remifentanil and TIVA with propofol and remifentanil for gastrectomy are clinically insignficant ,and there is no difference between the two methods .

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of autologous fat and acellular dermal matrix (ADM ) in vocal fold medialization .Methods A total of 16 New Zealand white rabbits of both sexes were divided into two study groups (8 rabbits in each group) ,after unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve section ,autologous fat or ADM were injected into paralyzed vocal folds .Laryngoscopic exams were performed 2 ,4 ,8 ,and 12 weeks after implanta‐tion ;then larynx specimens were sampled and serially sectioned in axial plane from the false vocal fold to the sub ‐glottis .After section was stained with HE ,histologic behavior of the graft were evaluated by optical microscope , volume of remaining material were calculated by autoCAD software .Results The remaining volume of autologous fat and ADM reduced gradually ,there were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups .In 2 weeks , fat cells survival was mass distribution ,as its necrosis and absorption ,intraimplant resulted in a plurality of cavitati‐on ,encapsulated by fibrous connective ,mixed with a little survival fat cells .In 12 weeks ,obvious capsule formation surrounded lipoma composed of fiber connective tissue .In the ADM group ,2 weeks after injection ,intra - implant fibroblast activity and neovascularization was noted ,later fibroblast infiltration increased gradually .In 12 weeks ,the implantation maintaun the basic outline and have compact organizational structure ,but not forming obvious bounda‐ries with the surrounding tissue .Conclusion Comparing degree of absorption ,there were no statistically significant differences between autologous fat and ADM in the study ,but histological outcome of ADM is closer to the original organization .In future ,ADM optimization or combination with other materials ,will have a larger development and clinical application value .

Using optical imaging equipment with different wavelength and computer technology,fundus optical imaging diagnostic techniques can record fundus reflected light,auto fluorescence and emitted light after excitation by external light source in order to observe and analyze the structure and pathological process of retina and choroid.Advances in fundus optical image capture technology (including laser,confocal laser,spontaneous auto-fluorescence,multispectral imaging) and storage and analysis technology,promote this field into a high-definition digital imaging era,with features of rapid,non-invasive,wide-angle three-dimensional multi-level integration,dynamic automatic navigation location tracking and combined application of a variety of optical imaging diagnostic techniques.In order to promote clinical and scientific research of ocular fundus diseases,we need to understand the development trend of optical imaging diagnostic technique,interpret the fundus imaging features appropriately,reasonably chose different inspection techniques,establish standardized diagnosis criteria and continue to expand clinical applications.

ObjectiveTo observe the efficacy of electroacupuncture with different wave patterns, sparse wave, intense wave, and sparse-intense wave, on the therapeutic efficacy in treating mild cognitive disorder after ischemic stroke.MethodSixty eligible patients were randomized into a sparse wave group, an intense wave group, and a sparse-intense wave group, 20 in each group. The three groups were given electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV20) and Shenting (GV24) in addition to the basic acupuncture treatment.The Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were adopted for evaluation before and after the intervention by the same practitioner.ResultThe total effective rate was 55.0% in the sparse wave group, 65.0% in the intense wave group, and 90.0% in the sparse-intense wave group, and thedifferenceswere statistically significant among the three groups (P<0.05); afterintervention, the MMSE score increased significantly and ADL score decreased significantly in the three groups (P<0.01), and the inter-group differences were statistically significant after intervention(P<0.01).ConclusionElectroacupuncture with sparse wave, intense wave, or sparse-intense wave all can improve mild cognitive disorder, while the general therapeutic efficacy of sparse-intense wave is higher than sparse wave and intense wave.

Objective To examine changes infibrinogen (FIB),D-dimer and homocysteine (HCY) levels and their significance in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).Methods This was a prospective study consecutively recruiting 116 patients with CSVD from January 2015 to August 2016 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University,including 50 patients with lacunar infarction and 66 patients with leukoaraiosis.As a control group,89 age-matched healthy elderly individuals were enrolled in the study.FIB,D-dimer and HCY levels in the groups were measured and compared.Results Serum FIB,D-dimer and HCY levels in CSVD patients,including the lacunar infarction group and the leukoaraiosis group,were all significantly higher than in the control group[(3.3±0.9)g/L vs.(3.3±1.0)g/L vs.(3.3±0.8)g/L vs.(2.6±0.5)g/L,(631.1± 487.1)μg/L vs.(479.2 ± 277.6)μg/L vs.(750.2 ± 577.4)μg/L vs.(202.8±81.7)μg/L,(20.6 ± 12.8)μmol/L vs.(14.4 ± 4.8) μmol/L vs.(25.4 ± 15.0)μxmol/L vs.(12.8 ± 4.6) μmol/L,all P ＜ 0.05)].Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that FIB,D-dimer and HCY were independent risk factors for CSVD (P＜0.01).Additionally,multiple regression analysis of lacunar infarction and leukoaraiosis showed that HCY had no significant correlation with lacunar infarction (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions FIB,D-dimer,HCY may be risk factors for cerebral small vessel disease,which may not carry the same weight for lacunar infarction and leukoaraiosis.

Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressively and retrogressively neurodegenerative disorder of central nervous system severely threatening the aged. The studies of animal models, which share the very similar neuropathological characteristics with human, provide tools for the understanding of the etiology, mechanisms and medicine screening of AD. The distribution and chemical composition of amyloid-beta (A- beta) peptide -positive deposits were investigated in various non-human primate models. Various proportions of A- beta deposits contained cholinesterase activities, apolipoprotein E(ApoE) and alpha1-antichymotrypsin immunoreactivity. Alterations in the basal forebrain cholinergic system have been widely studied, but the magnitude of decline and relationship to cognitive impairment are still a matter of debate. This article also includes the latest research of the changing on tau, subtle structural alterations in axons, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the brain tissues of the non-human primate models.

Objective To explore the early diagnostic values of serum alpha -fetoprotein (AFP),gamma -glutamyltransferase Ⅱ (GGTⅡ),and Golgi protein 73 (GP73)in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC).Methods The serum specimens of 100 pa-tients with liver diseases (50 cases of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis and 50 cases of PHC)and 50 healthy people were collected in our hospital from February 2013 to February 2014.Electrochemical luminescence technique,specific immuno -membrane adsorption assay,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure the serum levels of AFP,GGTⅡ,and GP73.Comparison of continuous data between multiple groups was made by analysis of variance,and comparison between two groups was made by q test.The receiver operating character-istic (ROC)curves of single or combined test results were made,and the areas under the ROC curves (AUCs)were calculated.The sensi-tivity,specificity,and AUCs of AFP,GGTⅡ,GP73,and the combined test were analyzed and compared.Results The level of serum GGTⅡ in the PHC group was significantly different compared with those in the other two groups (F =16.224,P <0.05),but there was no significant difference between the normal group and the hepatitis and liver cirrhosis group (P >0.05).Significant differences in serum levels of AFP and GP73 were observed by paired comparison between the PHC group,hepatitis and liver cirrhosis group,and normal group (F =193.128,F =20.231,P <0.05 for both).When assayed alone,the specificities of GP73,GGTⅡ,and AFP were 69%,64% and 51%, respectively,and the sensitivities were 92%,84%,and 76%,respectively.In combined test,the specificity was 94.6% and the sensitivi-ty was 98.8%.Conclusion The GP73 test is the best performer in the single assays.Combined test of serum AFP,GGTⅡ,and GP73 shows a good diagnostic value for PHC with greatly improved specificity and sensitivity.

Objective:To investigate the immuno-effects triggered by dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with Heat-treated lymphoma cells.Methods:Mononuclear cells from healthy human peripheral blood(PBMC) were isolated and DCs were generated in vitro with normal methods.Lymphoma cells were heated (42℃,2 h) and then loaded onto DCs.Immunotypes of DCs and lymphocytes were detected with flow-cytometric analysis.IFN-γ releasing was detected by ELISPOT,lymphocyte cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT method after mixing with DC reaction.Results:After pulsing DCs with hyperthermia lymphoma cells,CD80~+,CD86~+ and HLA-DR existed higher than those of the control group,IFN-γ releasing and cytotoxicities were also strengthened,but there was no difference between them,cytotoxitic lymphocytes (CTLs) were produced more as CD8~+,CD25~+ and CD56~+ cells by flow-cytometric analysis.Conclusion:Anti-lymphoma immuno-effects could be strengthened by loading DC with hyperthermia lymphoma cells.