Objective To examine the pathological changes in the liver of an AIDS patient with complicated infection of Pneumocystis carinii(PC). \ Methods\ A liver biopsy was made. The tissue was stained with HE, PAS, Giemsa, GMS, and acid\|fast staining, and examined under light microscope and transmission electron microscope. \ Results\ Granulomas (acid\|fast negative) in the tissue and numerous pathogens (PAS positive) in hepatic sinusoids were detected. Giemsa and GMS staining and electron microscopy all confirmed that the pathogen was Pneumocystis carinii. \ Conclusion\ The pathological findings revealed a diffuse extrapulmonary infection of Pneumocystis carinii in the patient of AIDS.

The antibody against AT1-EC2 plays a role in some kinds of inflammatory vascular diseases including malignant hypertension, preeclampsia, and renal-allograft rejection, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. In order to investigate the changes of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species in the aorta in a mouse model which can produce AT1-EC2 antibody by active immunization with AT1-EC2 peptide, 15 mice were divided into three groups: control group, AT1-EC2-immunized group, and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group. In AT1-EC2-immunized group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group, the mice were immunized by 50 μg peptide subcutaneously at multiple points for 4 times: 0, 5, 10, and 15 days after the experiment. In AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group, valsartan was given at a dose of 100 mg/kg every day for 20 days. After the experiment, the mice were sacrificed under anesthesia and the aortas were obtained and frozen in liquid nitrogen for the preparation of frozen section slides and other experiments. The titer of AT1-EC2 was assayed by using ELISA. The level of NOX1 mRNA in the aorta was determined by using RT-PCR. The expression of NOX1 was detected by using Western blotting. Confocal scanning microscopy was used to assay the α-actin and NOX1 expression in the aortic tissue. The O(2)∸ production was detected in situ after DHE staining. The mice produced high level antibody against AT1-EC2 in AT1-EC2-immunized group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group, and the level of NOX1 mRNA in the aortic tissues was 1.6±0.4 times higher and the NOX1 protein expression was higher in AT1-EC2-immunized group than in control group. There were no significant differences in the level of NOX1 mRNA and protein expression between control group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group. The expression and co-localization of α-actin and NOX1 in AT1-EC2-immunized group increased significantly as compared with those in control group, and the O(2)∸ production increased about 2.7 times as compared with control group. There were no significant differences between control group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group. It is concluded that active immunization with AT1-EC2 can activate NOX1-ROS, and increase vascular inflammation, which can be inhibited by AT1 receptor blocker valsartan. This may partially explain the mechanism of the pathogenesis of inflammatory vascular diseases related to antibody against AT1-EC2.

Objective To monitor the autophagy in osteosarcoma cells by constructing three rLC3B fusion expression vectors,respectively.Methods Rat LC3B gene sequence was amplified by PCR and cloned into pEGFP-C 1 and pmCherry-C1 to construct the fusion expression vector of pEGFP-rLC3B and pmCherry-rLC3B.Subsequently,the EGFP-rLC3B sequence was obtained by PCR with the pEGFP-rLC3B as a template,and cloned into pmCherry-C 1,so the pmCherry-EGFP-rLC3B fusion expression vector was constructed.Three plasmids were transfected into U-2OS cells,and the starvation or Rapamycin was adopted to induce autophagy or the chloroquine or Baf-A1 was used to inhibit autophagy,to verify the above plasmids' function in autophagy detection by laser scanning confocal microscopy.Western blot was used to detect the endogenous LC3B and exogenous EGFPrLC3B,pmCherry-rLC3B and mCherry-EGFP-rLC3B,and to verify the correct expression of exogenous rLC3B and their function of autophagy detection.Finally,cleaved free EGFP was detected by western blot to evaluate the level of autophagic degradation.Results Three fusion expression vectors were constructed successfully through sequencing and restriction enzyme digestion validation.The starvation or Rapamycin was adopted to induce autophagy or the chloroquine or Baf-A 1 was used to inhibit autophagy in transfected U-2OS cells.Clear autophagosomes and autolysosomes were observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy.Endogenous LC3B and exogenous EGFP-rLC3B,pmCherry-rLC3B and mCherry-EGFP-rLC3B were detected through western blot.Finally,western blot verified that the expression of cleaved free EGFP was significantly up-regulated with the increase of starvation time.12 h group increased 1.05 times than the control group and 24 h group increased 1.56 times,showing that the levels of autophagic degradation increased.Conclusion EGFP-rLC3B can be used to detect autophagosome and evaluate the level of autophagic degradation.mCherry-rLC3B can be used to detect autophagosome and autolysosome,but can't distinguish autophagosome from autolysosome.The pmCherry-EGFP-rLC3B has an advantage in the detection of autophagic flux which can distinguish autophagosome from autolysosome.

Objective To measure the dimensional error of three dimensional printing maxilla models for the clinical application to oral and maxillofacial surgery.Methods The FDM 3D printing was employed to make standard geometric shape models and maxillary models.After the surface finish of both models being observed,the contour data and fineness of geometric models,as well as the distance error of bony markers between maxillary models and jaw bones specimen were measured.Results Within the 3D printing standard geometric model,the fiber arrange horizontally in X-Z,Y-Z surface and crosswise in X-Y surface,and the accuracy errors range from-1.67％ to 1.47％.Moreover,the maximum resolution was 0.25 mm in X and Y axis,and 0.50 mm in Z axis.Within the maxillary model,the distance error of bony markers range from-0.08 ％ to 1.96 ％,and the mean errors were 1.59 ％,0.86％,0.42％ in X,Y and Z axis respectively.The mean error in X axis was significantly larger than that in Y or Z axis (P＜0.05).Conclusion 3D printing maxilla models may possess high accuracy and apply to clinical practice.

Objective To compare the effect of treating cricopharyngeal achalasia in stroke survivors using transnasal or transoral balloon dilatation.Methods Thirty stroke survivors with cricopharyngeal achalasia were randomly divided into a transnasal and a transoral balloon dilatation group (group N and group O),each of 15.Both groups were given routine swallowing rehabilitation training as well as the transnasal or transoral balloon dilatation.Their heart rate was monitored during the dilatation.Nasal bleeding,mucous membrane swelling and pain were also observed.Their swallowing function was evaluated using the Fujishima Ichiro swallowing efficacy score (FISE) and videofluoroscopy (VFSS) before and after the intervention.Results After the treatment,the average FISE and VFSS scores of both groups had improved significantly comnpared to before the treatment but there were no significant differences between the groups.During the treatment,the average heart rate of group O increased significantly less than that of group N.The treatment acceptance of group O was 98.2％,significantly higher than that of group N (80.1％).One case of mucosal bleeding was observed in group O,and laryngeal edema occurred significantly less often than in group N (9 cases vs.7).The average pain score was also significantly lower in group O.Conclusions Balloon dilatation facilitates swallowing among stroke survivors with cricopharyngeal achalasia.The transoral approach can help to reduce the occurrence of complications such as mucosal bleeding,laryngeal edema and pain,and has better patient acceptance.

Aim To establish the rat model of Spleen-Qi deficiency, analyse the metabolic pathways and investigate the connection between the changed urinary metabolites and Spleen-Qi deficiency, in order to explore the potential mechanisms of Spleen-Qi deficiency.Methods With the binding methods of diarrhea induced by bitter and cold, abnormal of starvation and excessive tiredness, the rat Spleen-Qi deficiency model was established.Then the activity of creatine phosphokinase(CPK) was detected.The endogenous metabolites in the urine were detected by NMR, and the data were analyzed with multivariate and statistical methods.Then the metabolites were selected that could be clearly distinct in the two groups with the fold change value(>1.2) and the P<0.05 of Student′s t-test.Both the pathway analysis and enrichment analysis were performed with Metabo Analyst 3.0.Results Compared with the normal rats, the activity of CPK decreased significantly in model rats(P<0.05).A significant separation appeared in the principal components analysis(PCA) score plot when the control group and the model group were compared, indicating that the Spleen-Qi deficiency model was successfully duplicated.The 33 differential metabolites, which mainly involved in the metabolic pathways, were distinguished from the comparision of Spleen-Qi deficiency model group and control group.The metabolic pathways was related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and disturbance of gut microbes.Conclusions The main energy metabolic pathways (tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis and liquid oxidation) may be disturbed in Spleen-Qi deficiency rats.The energy supply function is suppressed, which leads to the fatigue and weight loss in rats.

Objective To make a preliminary study on self-perception of profile among orthodontic patients.Methods A total of 226 orthodontics patients (79 males and 147 females with average age of 19.3 years) were enrolled in this study.All the patients were treated in the Department of Orthodontics,Sun Yat-sen University Hospital of Stomatology during May to August 2016.Self-perception of profile was investigated in the patients.They were asked whether they had ever noticed their own profile and to choose from among various photos the one that most resembled their own profile.Then profile photos of patients were taken and measured.Differences between self-perception profile and actual profile were compared using paired t test.Results There were 147 patients (41 males and 106 females) answered that they had noticed their own profile.Difference was significant between patients' actual profile and self-perception profile (P＜0.05).Difference was significant between male patients' actual profile and self-perception profile (P ＜0.05).Difference was not significant between female patients' actual profile and self-perception profile (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with male patients,difference was smaller between female patients' actual profile and self-perception profile.Conclusions Compared with male patients,female patients put more emphasis on their own profile.Patients' self-perception of their own profile is not accurate.Female patients' self-perception of their own profile is more accurate than male patients.

Objective To explore the effect of compound active tea of Lithocarpus litseifolius on uric acid levels and kidney function of mice with hyperuricemia nephropathy and to provide an experimental basis for the development of hyperuricemia nephropathy drugs and functional food.Methods A mouse model of hyperuricemia nephropathy was established by administering potassium oxazinate with adenine.Mice were randomly divided into common,model,positive drug(10 mg/(kg·d))and compound active tea of Lithocarpus litseifolius high-,middle-and low-dose groups(10 g/(kg ·d),3.33 g/(kg·d)and 1.11g/(kg·d),respectively).One hour after the last gavage,urine protein(UP)was measured by CBB method,urea nitrogen(UUN)was measured by urease method.Orbital blood pampling,blood was collected for uric acid(UA)analysis by enzyme ratio method,urea nitrogen(BUN)was measured by urease method.The serum contents of interleukin 6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)were measured by ELISA.Take kidney tissue,levels of urate transporter 1(URAT1)and glucose transporter 9(GLUT9)were measured by quantitative fluorescence,kidney histopathological changes were observed by HE stainning.Results Compared with the control group,the model group's levels of UP,UUN,UA,BUN,IL-6,URAT1,ULUT9 and TNF-α were significantly increased(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),and the renal tissue structure was normal.Compared with the model group,the positive group's levels of UP,UUN,UA,BUN,IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),there was little glomerular atrophy or deformation in the kidneys,kidney tubular dilatation was occasionally seen,but there was no inflammatory cell infiltration.Compared with the model group,the high-dose compound active tea of Lithocarpus litseifolius group's UP,UUN,UA,BUN,IL-6,URAT1,TNF-α and GLUT9 levels were significantly decreased(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).The middle-dose compound active tea of Lithocarpus litseifolius group's UP,UUN,UA content,IL-6,URAT 1,GLUT9,BUN and TNF-αwere significantly decreased(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).The low-dose compound active tea of Lithocarpus litseifolius group's UP,UUN,UA,IL-6,URAT1,BUN,TNF-α and GLUT9 levels were significantly decreased(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).Conclusions Compound active tea of Lithocarpus litseifolius can reduce uric acid in mice with hyperuricemia nephropathy and has a certain protective effect on the kidneys.The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of uric acid reabsorption,and the specific mechanistic details should be further investigated.

The antibody against AT1-EC2 plays a role in some kinds of inflammatory vascular diseases including malignant hypertension, preeclampsia, and renal-allograft rejection, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. In order to investigate the changes of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species in the aorta in a mouse model which can produce AT1-EC2 antibody by active immunization with AT1-EC2 peptide, 15 mice were divided into three groups: control group, AT1-EC2-immunized group, and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group. In AT1-EC2-immunized group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group, the mice were immunized by 50 μg peptide subcutaneously at multiple points for 4 times: 0, 5, 10, and 15 days after the experiment. In AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group, valsartan was given at a dose of 100 mg/kg every day for 20 days. After the experiment, the mice were sacrificed under anesthesia and the aortas were obtained and frozen in liquid nitrogen for the preparation of frozen section slides and other experiments. The titer of AT1-EC2 was assayed by using ELISA. The level of NOX1 mRNA in the aorta was determined by using RT-PCR. The expression of NOX1 was detected by using Western blotting. Confocal scanning microscopy was used to assay the α-actin and NOX1 expression in the aortic tissue. The O(2)∸ production was detected in situ after DHE staining. The mice produced high level antibody against AT1-EC2 in AT1-EC2-immunized group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group, and the level of NOX1 mRNA in the aortic tissues was 1.6±0.4 times higher and the NOX1 protein expression was higher in AT1-EC2-immunized group than in control group. There were no significant differences in the level of NOX1 mRNA and protein expression between control group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group. The expression and co-localization of α-actin and NOX1 in AT1-EC2-immunized group increased significantly as compared with those in control group, and the O(2)∸ production increased about 2.7 times as compared with control group. There were no significant differences between control group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group. It is concluded that active immunization with AT1-EC2 can activate NOX1-ROS, and increase vascular inflammation, which can be inhibited by AT1 receptor blocker valsartan. This may partially explain the mechanism of the pathogenesis of inflammatory vascular diseases related to antibody against AT1-EC2.
Animals ; Aorta ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NADPH Oxidases ; genetics ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Vaccination ; methods

Objective To explore whether augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) can serve as early diagnostic biomarker in the patients with acute kidney injury(AKI).Methods The inpatients with possibility to AKI in the central ICU of Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from October 2014 to October 2015 were recruited and assigned to the AKI group and non-AKI group according to the KDIGO guidance.Blood and urine ALR and blood creatinine were detected at 0,6,12,24,48,72 h after entering the group.Results Among all cases,40 cases(62.5％) developed to AKI.Blood ALR and urine ALR at 6h after entering the group in the AKI group began to significantly increase compared with the non-AKI group(P＜0.05),the blood and urine ALR levels reached to the peak value at 12,24 h after entering the group;the blood creatinine level at 12 h after entering the group in the AKI group began to significantly increase compared with the non-AKI group(P＜0.05),blood creatinine level was still slowly and progressively elevated at 72 h after entering the group.Conclusion Serum and urine ALR levels are significantly increased in the early stage of AKI,which indicates that ALR may be a new type biomarker for diagnosing AKI.