Objective To investigate and analyze the researches and guarantee mechanisms of Chinese undergraduate students' social practice, to understand the current situation of college students' social practice and research quality and to provide the reference for the development of college students' social practice guarantee mechanism in China. Methods With the “University” “college students”“social practice” as key words , we retrieved published documents about long-term mechanism of CUSSP dating to March 2014, from Chinese journal full text database(CNKI), China outstanding master's degree thesis database, Chinese Excellent Doctor Degree Dissertation Full-text Database, Wanfang, CMFD, CDFD,VIP, Google and Baidu, etc. We classified the including documents based on evidence-based scientific evidence grading standards, analyzed Grade C and above documents only. Results A total of 22 relevant studies were included; 4 of them are policy studies with Grade B, 18 of them are cross-sectional studies with grade C. The studies showed: ①The policy studies give important sugges-tions on the content, form, effect, construction and evaluation system of long-term mechanism of CUSSP.②18 cross-sectional studies surveyed over 14 504 students' social practice conditions show the method-ology of most of the studies is described unclearly or non-standard however. ③12 studies have inves-tigated the Chinese college students' attitude towards social practice and actual participation, with 5 studies about the time of participation and 5 about the condition of combination with specialty. The undergraduate students can recognize the importance of social practice, however, the range, duration and times of their actual participation are limited, and the combination with their major is not close enough. ④7 studies have investigated the main problems of college students' social practice and 5 studies have investigated the students' satisfaction. At present, there exist many problems in CUSSP, of which the most difficult things are: hard-to-contacting practice units, lack of funds, lack of teacher guidance, hard-to-determining the practical projects etc. The students' overall satisfaction is“general”. Conclusions ①There is lack of high-quality studies about CUSSP, and the methodology of studies should be improved and standardized. ②Strengthening the long-term mechanism and evaluation system construction is urgently needed to ensure that students can conduct long-term, effective and stable social practice.

Objective To investigate plasma pharmacokinetics profiles of compound betameth in guinea pig after postaurieal and systemic administrations,and to explore the possible pathway for postaurical injection. Methods 1 ml compound-betameth was injected postaurieally and intramuscularly into the guinea pig. Blood were samples obtained 0. 5,1,1.5,2,3,5,7 h and 1,2,4 w after the administration of contralateral sigmoid sinus blood and circulatory blood respectively. High performance liquid chromatography was used to dectet compound betameth in the samlowing postaurieal administration. The Cmax(peak concentration) in sigmoid sinus of postaurieal group was 2.56 and 3.03 higher than those in the contralateral and the systemic group. The AUC((area under the ct curve) was 2.41 postaurieal administration. The Cmax and AUC in postaurieal group were 0. 13 and 0. 32 higher than systemic group. Conclusion The postaurieal injection reached a higher concentration of drugs in the sigmoid sinus blood, and remained a lower concentration in circulatory blood.

Background Optic neuritis is one of the common clinical neuro-ophthalmic diseases.Recurrent optic neuritis can cause irreversible axonal damage and visual impairment,and no prevention method is effective up to now.Its pathogenesis is considered to be associated with the body's immune imbalance.Objective This proposal tried to establish experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and explore the immunomodulatory effects of T helper (Treg),Th17 cell in the model of optic neuritis.Make the immune mechanism of demyelinating optic neuritis clear.Methods EAE model was established to observe the clinical symptoms and visual electrophysiological changes of optical neuritis in mice;hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe the histological changes in the mouse models of EAE; immunohistochemical staining to detect optic nerve axon damage markers β-amyloid peptide precurso (β-APP) protein expression quantity changes;reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to detect the dynamic expression of forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3 (Foxp3),transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β),interleukin-1β (IL-1β),IL-17,IL-10 in optic nerve tissue.Results After immunization 11 days,neurological symptoms of EAE mice started to appear,hematoxylin-eosin staining showed optic nerve tissue infiltration of inflammatory cytokines; immunohistochemical staining showed enhancement of axonal injury markers β-APP positive staining; flash visual evoked potential(F-VEP) test showed 7,11,14,19,23,28 days,compared with the normal mice,P1 prepatents of model group were prolonged after modeling,the differences were statistically significant (t =4.487,15.203,16.364,11.540,11.959,16.163,all at P＜0.05).When 7 days after modeling,the difference of N1-P1 amplitude between normal group and model group was no statistical significance (t =-0.992,P =0.378); while 11,14,19,23,28 days after modeling,compared with normal mice,N1-P1 amplitudes of model mice were significantly lower,the differences were statistically significant(all at P＜ 0.05).The expressions of TGF-β,IL-1β,IL-17,Foxp3,IL-10 mRNA among different time points had stastistie significant differences (F =12.721,15.015,14.343,69.374,68.290,all at P =0.000),compared with the normal group,when 11 days,14 days after modeling,TGF-β mRNA levels were significantly increased ; 19 days,23 days after modeling,IL-1β mRNA levels were significantly increased;7 days,11 days after modeling,IL-17 mRNA levels were significantly increased ;7,11,14,19,23,28 days after modeling,Foxp3 mRNA levels were significantly lower; 19,23,28 days after modeling,IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly lower,the difference were statistically significant (all at P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Th17 cells launch demyelinating optic neuritis immune injury,and Th1 subgroup performs the function of maintaining inflammatory lesions,Treg cell subgroup is abnormal much earlier than that of the Th2 subgroup.The imbalance of Th17/Treg cell may be involved in the pathogenesis of demyelinating optic neuritis.

Objective:To investigate the immuno-effects triggered by dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with Heat-treated lymphoma cells.Methods:Mononuclear cells from healthy human peripheral blood(PBMC) were isolated and DCs were generated in vitro with normal methods.Lymphoma cells were heated (42℃,2 h) and then loaded onto DCs.Immunotypes of DCs and lymphocytes were detected with flow-cytometric analysis.IFN-γ releasing was detected by ELISPOT,lymphocyte cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT method after mixing with DC reaction.Results:After pulsing DCs with hyperthermia lymphoma cells,CD80~+,CD86~+ and HLA-DR existed higher than those of the control group,IFN-γ releasing and cytotoxicities were also strengthened,but there was no difference between them,cytotoxitic lymphocytes (CTLs) were produced more as CD8~+,CD25~+ and CD56~+ cells by flow-cytometric analysis.Conclusion:Anti-lymphoma immuno-effects could be strengthened by loading DC with hyperthermia lymphoma cells.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the existence of DME and the SFCT in DR pa-tients. Methods We collected 70 cases which were clinical diabetic involving 122 eyes. They are 36 men with 64 eyes and 34 women with 58 eyes. The average age is 56.7 ± 9.7 year-old. All patients had been examined by oph-thalmologic examination. Grouping: patients without diabetic retinopathy (NDR) group; mild-to-moderate NPDR group; severe NPDR group; PDR group. The last three groups were divided into two subgroup groupsrespectively , which were cases with and without significant macular edema (CSME + / CSME). EDI was used to measure the SFCT. SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results The average SFCT of NDR group, mild-to-moderate NPDR group, severe NPDR group and the PDR group respectively were (282.94 ± 104.21)μm, (313.62 ± 94.40)μm, (382.44 ± 76.91)μm, (335.00 ± 73.82)μm. Compared with the NDR group, SFCT was thicker than the other three groups, and difference was statistically significant (F = 2.786, P = 2.786). There were no statisti-cally significant difference of SFCT between the mild-to-moderate NPDR/CSME - group and mild-to-moderate NPDR/CSME + group, severe NPDR/CSME - group and severe NPDR/CSME + group PDR/CSME-group, PDR/CSME + group. Conclusions The SFCT of DR patients could potentially be thickenedas disease became serious. When considered the same degree DR, there is no obvious difference of SFCT between patients with CSME and without CSME.

Objective:To analyze the clinicopathological characteristics, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of hepatic perivascu-lar epithelioid cell neoplasm (PEComa). Methods:The clinicopathological features of seven hepatic PEComa patients treated in Shanxi Cancer Hospital from March 2008 to March 2015 were studied with light microscopy and immunohistochemistry combined with litera-ture review. Results:The age range of the seven patients was 41-56 years old (median:51.5 years old). Two were males and five were females. Their histopathological subtypes were classic type (2/7), smooth muscle type (3/7), and fat type (2/7), respectively. Immunohis-tochemical study showed that HMB45 was positive in 7 cases, SMA and VIM were expressed in 6 cases, Melan A was positive in 5 cas-es, and Desmin was expressed in 2 cases. In addition, the mean proliferative index was 1.3%(range:0%-5%), and TFE3 was negative in all cases. Conclusion:Hepatic PEComa is a rare primary liver tumor. The diagnosis and treatment of this disease should be intensi-fied, and long-term close follow-up is necessary. Positive result for HMB45, Melan A, and SMA are the key features of PEComa.

Objective To investigate whether TNF-α can promote, but TGF-β can reduce Gli2 expression in primary leukemia cells. Methods (1)Western blot was used to detect Gli2 protein expression in leukemic cells. (2)Primary leukemia cells were treated with TGF-β1 or TNF-α,and expressions of Gli2 and TGF-βR were detected. (3)Primary leukemia cells were treated with TGF-β1,TNF-α or/and SIS3, and Gli2 protein expression was detected. Results (1)The primary leukemia cells could express Gli2 protein. (2)Significant reduction of Gli2 mRNA was observed in 1 ~ 10 ng/mL TGF-β1-treated primary leukemia cells for 12 ~ 24 h, No significant differences of Gli2 mRNA was found between the control group and TNF-α group. (3)Protein expresson of TGF-βRⅠand TGF-βRⅡ in 5 ng/mL TNF-α-treated primary leukemia cells for 24 h was higher than that of the control group. (4)Gli2 portein expression was lower in TGF-β1 with or without TNF-α-treated primary leukemia cells for 24 h than that in the control group, and Gli2 portein expression in the TGF-β1 plus TNF-α group was lower than that in TGF-β1 group. Conclusion Combinations of TGF-β and TNF-α can efficiently inhibit Gli2 expression than TGF-β alone in primary leukemia cells.

Objective To construct the clinical core competence evaluation system of junior nurses by the Delphi method combined with Analytic Hierarchy Process method. Methods We consulted 20 nurse specialists by two-round Delphi method to find clinical core competence evaluation index of junior nurses. To determine the weight of each index by Analytic Hierarchy Process method. Results The expert′s judgment coefficient was 0.92, familiar coefficient was 0.96 and authority coefficient was 0.94. The coordination coefficients of one grade, two grade, three grade and all indexes were 0.42, 0.52, 0.54 and 0.51 respectively. There was statistical significance (P < 0.01). The variation coefficients of each indexes were less than 0.2 and the mean of important values were more than 3.5. The clinical core competence evaluation index system of junior nurses was established including 7 one grade indexes, 28 two grade indexes and 55 three grade indexes. Conclusions The clinical core competence evaluation system of junior nurses was scientific and reasonably. It can evaluate the clinical core competence of junior nurses effectively and can supply objective and quantitative standard for the assessment and appointment of junior nurses.

Aim To investigate the role of GDF11 in palmitate induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance.Methods The C2C12 cells were sorted into control group, GDF11 intervention group, palmitate group and GDF11 combined with palmitate group.Cell viability was measured by CCK-8, and the glucose uptake was determined by 2NBDG.The mRNA level of myotube marker genes(desmin,myogenin), insulin mediate glucose uptake related genes(GLUT-4,IRS-1) and PGC-1α were tested by RT-PCR.The protein expression of PGC-1α was detected by western blot.Results GDF11 had little effect on cell viability of skeletal muscle cells.Compared with control group, the glucose uptake and the expression of GLUT-4,IRS-1,PGC-1α were significantly decreased by palmitate intervention.Compared with palmitate group, the glucose uptake and the expression of GLUT-4,IRS-1,PGC-1α were not significantly changed by GDF11.Conclusion Palmitate can induce skeletal muscle cell insulin resistance, but GDF11 may not significantly improve the skeletal muscle cell insulin resistance.

Disease Management ; Humans ; Tinnitus ; therapy