OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of spirulina kinase(SPK)on the vascular endothelial function of model rats with atherosclerosis. METHODS:60 rats were randomly divided into normal control group(distilled water),model group(distilled wa-ter),positive control group(simvastatin,0.005 g/kg)and SPK low-dose,medium-dose,high-dose groups(80,160,320 U/kg). Except for normal control group,rats in other groups were induced for model of atherosclerosis. All groups were intragastrically ad-ministrated relevant medicines at the same time,once a day for consecutive 12 weeks. Total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) contents in serum of rats were measured. And the changes of thoracic aortic endothelium morphology were ob-served by HE staining. RESULTS:Compared with normal control group,TC,TG,LDL-C,IL-6,TNF-α contents in serum of rats in model group were increased(P<0.01),HDL-C content in serum was decreased(P<0.01);vascular endothelial cells fell off, intimal proliferation projected into the lumen,smooth muscle cell proliferated and disordered,medium film elastic fiber disintegrat-ed and fractured. Compared with model group,TC,TG,LDL-C,IL-6,TNF-α contents in serum of rats in administration groups were decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),HDL-C content in positive control group and SPK medium-dose,high-dose groups was in-creased (P<0.05). Vascular endothelial cell morphology was improved significantly in administration groups,in which,vascular endothelial cells were structurally intact in SPK medium-dose,high-dose groups,inner membrane was basically smooth;medium smooth muscle cells arranged slightly disordered in SPK medium-dose group. Compared with normal control group,there were no obvious changes. CONCLUSIONS:SPK shows obvious lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects,it can protect vascular endo-thelial function. The mechanism may be related to reducing TC,TG,LDL-C,HDL-C,IL-6,TNF-αcontents and increasing HDL-C content in serum.

OBJECTlVE To investigate the mechanism of verapamiI in the treatment of type 2 Iong QT syndrome(LQT2)using a rabbit Ieft ventricuIar myocardiaI wedge preparation. METHODS E-4031 (0.5 μmoI·L-1 )was used to induce the LQT2 modeI after rabbit Ieft ventricuIar wedge preparations were equiIibrated for 1 h,and verapamiI(0.5,1.0 and 2.5 μmoI·L-1 ,respectiveIy)was perfused in different groups. Data were coIIected for a period of 30 min starting 30 min after adding the respective drug. Transmembrane action potentiaIs of endocardiaI and epicardiaI myocardium were recorded simuItaneous-Iy at a basic cycIe Iength of 2000 ms(S1S1)together with a transmuraI ECG. The effect of verapamiI (0.5,1.0 and 2.5 μmoI·L-1 )on action potentiaI duration at 90% repoIarization(APD90 ),QT intervaI, transmuraI dispersion of repoIarization(TDR)and the deveIopment of earIy afterdepoIarization(EAD) and torsades de pointes(TdP)were evaIuated in the LQT2 myocardiaI wedge modeI. RESULTS E-4031 (0.5 μmoI·L-1 )markedIy proIonged endocardiaI and epicardiaI APD90 and QT intervaI( P﹤0.01),and dramaticaIIy increased TDR(P﹤0.01). Spontaneous or programmed eIectricaI stimuIation-induced EAD and TdP were aIso observed in the modeI. VerapamiI(0.5,1.0 and 2.5 μmoI·L-1 )dose-dependentIy abbreviated endocardiaI and epicardiaI APD90 and QT intervaI(P﹤0.01),significantIy decreased TDR(P﹤0.01),and suppressed EAD and TdP in the LQT2 modeI. Concordant but stronger effects on the eIectro-physioIogicaI properties of the LQT2 modeI were noticed when nifedipine was perfused. CONCLUSlON VerapamiI inhibits TdP in the LQT2 modeI by reducing TDR and suppressing EAD.

Based on the national policies, regulations and documents on residency training, this paper sorts out the historical evolution of the standardized residency training system in China, and divides its development into four stages: preliminary exploration, local pilot, national trials, and implementation. It also puts forward some practical thoughts on its development law and future trend, such aspects as that the system reform follows the top-down administrative order and indicative plan, the system pays attention to the gradual implementation on the basis of summing up practical experience, and the system needs continuous implementation and improvement from the overall perspective.