Objective To explore the level of autophagy induced by oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion(OGD/R) injury in L02 cell.Methods L02 cells were cultured to establish the model of OGD/R injury and simulate clinical hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.The L02 cells were randomly divided into 5 groups : normal control group, oxygen-glucose deprivation 6 h/reperfusion 1,3,6,12 h group (OGD 6 h/R 1,3,6,12 h).Then observe the form changes of the L02 cells by optical microscope.The appreciation of the company's relative L02 cells was detected by MTT.The expression of autophagy related proteins such as Beclin-1, LC3 and p62 were evaluated by Western blot.Results Compared with the normal control group, the form damaged and the cells proliferation activity of L02 cells in the OGD/R group were gradually increased in a time-dependent manner.Compared with the normal control group, autophagy related proteins LC3 , Beclin-1 were increased at OGD 6 h/R 1 h.The expression of LC3 was gradually increased as the time went on and was increased gradually at OGD 6 h/R 6 h, reached a peak at OGD 6 h/R 12 h(P<0.01).The expression of Beclin-1 was gradually increased as the time went on and was increased gradually at OGD 6 h/R 6 h and OGD 6 h/R 12 h (P<0.01).The expression of p62 had no obvious change at OGD 6 h/R 1 h and OGD 6 h/R 3 h, began to increase sharply at OGD 6 h/R 6 h and reached a peak at OGD 6 h/R 12 h(P<0.01).Conclusion Our data suggests that oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion may increase the level of autophagy and lead to autophagic cell death in L02 cell.

Objective To investigate the effects of emulsified isoflurane on apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells and the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in it.Methods The human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells were seeded in 96-well plates or dishes and then randomly divided into 8 groups using a random number table:control group(group C,n=24),different concentrations of lipid emulsion groups(LE1 groups [n =24],LE2 group [n =24] and LE3 group [n =72]),different concentrations of emulsified isoflurane groups (EI1 group [n=24],El2 group [n=24] and EI3 group [n=72]),and emulsified isoflurane + JNK inhibitor SP600125 group (group EI-SP,n =24).At 24 h after the cells were plated,in LE1-3 groups,30％ lipid emulsion was added to the culture medium with the final concentrations of 0.395 6,0.791 2 and 1.582 4 μl/ml,respectively;in EI1-3 groups,8％ emulsified isoflurane was added with the final concentrations of 0.56,1.12 and 2.24 mmol/L,respectively;in group EI-SP,emulsified isoflurane was added with the final concentration of 1.12 mmol/L,and SP600125 was added at 1 h before addition of emulsified isoflurane with the final concentration of 10 μmol/L;the cells were cultured normally in group C.At 6,12 and 24 h of incubation in EI3 and LE3 groups,and at 24 h of incubation or culture in the other groups,the morphology of cells was detected,the cell viability was measured using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay,and the expression of JNK,phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the cell viability was significantly decreased,and the expression of p-JNK and Cyt c was significantly up-regulated at 24 h of incubation in group EI2 and at 12 and 24 h of incubation in group EI3,the cell viability was significantly decreased (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the expression of p-JNK and Cyt c in group EI-SP,and no significant change was found in the cell viability and expression of p-JNK and Cyt c in LE1-3 and EI1 groups (P＞0.05).Compared with group EI1,the cell viability was significantly decreased,and the expression of p-JNK and Cyt c was significantly up-regulated at 24 h of incubation in EI2.3 groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group EI2,the cell viability was significantly decreased,and the expression of p-JNK and Cyt c was significantly up-regulated at 24 h of incubation in group EI3,and the cell viability was significantly increased,and the expression of p-JNK and Cyt c was significantly down-regulated in group EI-SP (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in JNK expression between the eight groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion High concentrations of emulsified isoflurane can induce apoptosis in neurons only when applied for a long time,while low concentrations do not have the effect when applied for a short time.The mechanism by which emulsified isoflurane induces neuronal apoptosis is related to activation of JNK pathway.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of propofol (Pro) in combination with ligustrazin (Lig) on the liver against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the mechanisms involved.Methods Fifty male SD rats weighing 240-280 g were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each: group Ⅰ received sham operation (sham); group Ⅱ I/R; group Ⅲ Pro + I/R; group Ⅳ Lig + I/R and group Ⅴ Pro + Lag + I/R. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital 20 mg?kg-1 . Liver ischemia was produced by clamping the hepatic hilum for 30 min, then the clamp was removed for 60 min reperfusion. In group Ⅲ propofol was infused at 20 mg?kg-1 ?h-1 starting from 20 min before ischemia until hepatic hilum was clamped. In group Ⅳ a bolus of ligustrazin 60 mg?kg-1 was given i.v. 20 min before ischemia. In group Ⅴ propofol was infused and a bolus of ligustrazin was given i.v. as in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ 20 min before hepatic ischemia. Blood samples were taken at the end of 60 min reperfusion for determination of serum activities of ALT, AST and LDH and meanwhile a liver specimen was obtained for determination of MDA content, SOD and XOD activities and for electron microscopic examination. Results Serum ALT and AST activities were significantly higher in group Ⅱ , Ⅲ , Ⅳ and Ⅴ than in group Ⅰ (sham) (P

0.05).The CSFP before and after opening dura mater was obviously lower than the baseline value (P0.05).The total dose of propofol in group T was smaller than in group C.CONCLUSION:Target controlled infusion of propofol is better than continuous pump injection in lowering the ICP during neurological surgery.

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on lung compliance and oxygenation index during one lung ventilation( OLV) . Methods In this study, sixty patients, ASAⅠorⅡ, scheduled for pul-monary surgeries were enrolled, and randomly divided into two groups:sevoflurane preconditioning group(n=30) and total intravenous group( n=30 ) . For preconditioning, patients in sevoflurane preconditioning group were ad-ministrated with one minimal alveolar concentration(1MAC) sevoflurane for 30 min after general anesthesia induc-tion and then followed with total intravenous anesthesia. While in total intravenous group, only intravenous anes-thetic agents were administrated for maintenane of anesthesia after induction. The indexes of hemodynamics, pulse oximeter( SpO2 ) , plateau pressure( Pplat) and lung compliance( Cdyn) were recorded at the following time points:before anesthesia( T0 ) , after anesthesia induction at laternal position TLV 30 min( T1 ) ,30 min after OLV( T2 ) , 60 min after OLV( T3 ) and recovering TLV 20 min( T4 ) . Arterial blood samples were taken to measure partial pressure of carbon dioxide( PaCO2 ) , partial pressure of oxygen( PaO2 ) , pH, oxygenation index( PaO2/FiO2 ) at the follow-ing time points: T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 . Results Compared with T1 , the oxygenation index and lung compliance de-creased significantly at T2 ,T3 ( P<0. 05 ); compared with total intravenous group, the lung compliance was obvi-ously higher than that in sevoflurane preconditioning group at T2,T3(P<0. 05). There were no significantly differ-ences in the oxygenation index between total intravenous group and sevoflurane preconditioning group at all time points. Conclusion Compared with total intravenous anesthesia with propofol , sevoflurane preconditioning can im-prove lung compliance, but does not make contribute to improve oxygenation index.

Objective To explore the general anesthetic EI on the rat fetal neural stem cell proliferation(NSCs) and the role played by JNK in the influence. Methods The cultured rat fetal NSCs were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8 each):normal group (group N);fat milk group (group F);EI groups(including 8. 12,9. 80,12. 04 mmol/L EI) , 9. 80 mmol/L EI group+20 μmol/L SP600125 group ( group EISP) . After incubated for 12 hours, the cellular effects of EI and cell viability were evaluated by MTT reduction assay. The apoptotic rate of the rat NSCs were determined by flow cytometry, and the expression of protein Caspase-3 was observed by Western blot. Results There was no statistical difference in cell viability, apoptotic rate and protein expression of Caspase-3 in group N and group F. EI group had higher cell apoptotic rate(P<0. 01), protein expression of Caspase-3 (P<0. 05 ) , but lower cell viability than group N ( P<0. 01 ) . And significant differences were found between three do-ses of EI groups (P<0. 05). Compared with EI group, lower cell apoptotic rate (P<0. 01), protein expression of Caspase-3 but higher cell viability were observed in group EISP ( P<0. 05 ) . Conclusion JNK plays an important role in EI-induced cytotoxicity possibly in a dose-dependent manner.

Objective To investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist Wy14643 on mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury in rats.Methods Thirty-two healthy male SD weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups(n = 8 each): group Ⅰ control(group C);group Ⅱ mechanical ventilation(group V)and group Ⅲ,Ⅳ pretreated with different doses of Wy14643(group W1 ,W2).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 3% pentobarbital 30 mg/kg and tracheostomized.The femoral artery and external jugular vein were cannulated for blood sampling and drug administration.Group C received no mechanical ventilation.In group V,W1 and W2 the animals were mechanically ventilated for 2 h(VT 40 ml/kg,RR40 bpm,I:E=1:2,FiO2 21%).In group W1 and W2 Wy14643 1 and 3 mg/kg were administered iv at 1 h before mechanical ventilation.Arterial blood samples were collected at 1 and 2 h of mechanical ventilation for determination of PaO2/FiO2.Serum SOD activity and MDA concentration were measured at the end of 2 h mechanical ventilation.The animals were then killed and the lungs removed for microscopic examination,lung lavage and W/D lung weight ratio.The MIP-2 and TNF-α concentrations in BALF were measured.Results Two hour mechanical ventilation significantly decreased serum SOD activity and increased serum MDA concentration,W/D lung weight ratio and TNF-α and MIP-2 concentrations in BALF as compared with group C.Wy14643 pretreatment significantly attenuated these mechanical ventilation-induced changes in group W1 and W2 in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion Wy14643 can attenuate mechanical ventilation induced lung injury in rats and it is related to the dose.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of partial hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) on choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) expression in hippocampal neuron in mice.MethodsOne hundred adult male mice,aged 2 months,weighing 20-25 g,were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =20 each): normal control group(group C),sham operation group(group S),groups I/R1,I/R2,I/R3.Partial hepatic ischemia was produced by clamping left hepatic artery and portal vein for 20,30,40 min respectively followed by reperfusion in groups I/R1,I/R2,I/R3.Passive avoidance task was performed with 10 mice in each group at 4-9 and 18-23 d after operation respectively.The animals were sacrificed and their brains were removed for determination of the expression of ChAT in CA3 of hippocampal neuron.ResultsCompared with group C,the latency was significantly shortened and number of errors increased in groups I/R1 and I/R2 at 4-7 d after operation and in group I/R3 at 4-9 d after operation,the expression of ChAT in hippocampal neuron down-regulated in groups I/R1,I/R2 and I/R3 at 9 d after operation( P ＜0.05 or 0.01).There was no significant difference in the latency and number of errors at 18-23 d after operation and the expression of ChAT in hippocampal neuron at 23 d after operation among groups C,I/R1,I/R2 and I/R3 ( P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group I/R1,the number of errors was significantly increased at 4 and 5 d after operation in group I/R2,the latency shortened at 4-6 d after operation and number of errors increased at 4-9 d after operation in group I/R3,and the expression of ChAT in hippocampal neuron down-regulated at 9 d after operation in groups I/R2 and I/R3 ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ).There was no significant difference in the latency and number of errors at 18-23 d after operation and the expresson of ChAT in hippocampal neuron at 23 d after operation among groups I/R1,I/R2 and I/R3 ( P ＞ 0.05).ConclusionPartial hepatic I/R can result in transient cognitive impairment in mice by down-regulating the expression of ChAT in hippocampal neuron.

The teaching team of undergraduates of anesthesiology in Anhui Medical University applied the primary trauma care system of encourage, heuristic teaching and practical teaching to further deepen the educational reform and improve teaching quality for undergraduate education.They designed the diversified section such as drills, discussion, teaching, questions, feedback and so on, implemented the simulation training of anesthesia crisis management skills and completed the feedback evaluation of comprehensive ability before and after the teaching, and then achieved the effect of improving the actual operation ability and clinical thinking capacity of students.So it is a good method and worth extending.

Objective To investigate the effect of creatine phosphate sodium on postoperative cognitive function of the patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG).Methods Forty patients of both sexes,aged 52-70 yr,weighing 52-84 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ,scheduled for elective OPCABG,were divided into either creatine phosphate sodium group (group CPS) or control group (group C) using a randon number table,with 20 patients in each group.Total intravenous anesthesia was applied during operation to maintain bispectral index value at 40-60 and hemodynamics stable.After induction of anesthesia,creatine phosphate sodium 15 mg/kg (in 100 ml of normal saline) was infused over 30 min via the central vein in group CPS,and the equal volume of normal saline was infused over 30 min instead of creatine phosphate sodium in group C.Postoperative visual analogue scale scores were maintained ≤ 3.Before induction of anesthesia,immediately after the end of operation,and at 24 and 48 h after operation,arterial blood samples were collected for determination of serum C-reactive protein concentrations by immunoturbidimetry.The cognitive function was assessed on day 1 before operation and day 7 after operation,and the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction was recorded.Results Compared with group C,the concentrations of serum C-reactive protein at 24 and 48 h after operation and incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction were significantly decreased in group CPS (P＜0.05).Conclusion Creatine phosphate sodium can improve postoperative cognitive function of the patients undergoing OPCABG.