Lung transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage lung diseases and can significantly improve prognosis of the patients. However, postoperative complications such as infection, rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and other challenges (like shortage of donor lungs) , limit the practical application of lung transplantation in clinical practice. Chinese research teams have been making continuous efforts and have achieved breakthroughs in basic research on lung transplantation by integrating emerging technologies and cutting-edge achievements from interdisciplinary fields, which has strongly propelled the development of this field. This article will comprehensively review the academic progress made by Chinese research teams in the field of lung transplantation in 2024, with a focus on the achievements of Chinese teams in basic research on lung transplantation. It aims to provide innovative ideas and strategies for key issues in the basic field of lung transplantation and to help China's lung transplantation cause reach a higher level.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dynamic changes of glucocorticoid (GC) dose and the feasibility of GC discontinuation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients under the background of Chinese medicine (CM). METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 1,196 RA patients enrolled in the China Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry of Patients with Chinese Medicine (CERTAIN) from September 1, 2019 to December 4, 2023, who initiated GC therapy. Participants were divided into the Western medicine (WM) and integrative medicine (IM, combination of CM and WM) groups based on medication regimen. Follow-up was performed at least every 3 months to assess dynamic changes in GC dose. Changes in GC dose were analyzed by generalized estimator equation, the probability of GC discontinuation was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curve, and predictors of GC discontinuation were analyzed by Cox regression. Patients with <12 months of follow-up were excluded for the sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Among 1,196 patients (85.4% female; median age 56.4 years), 880 (73.6%) received IM. Over a median 12-month follow-up, 34.3% (410 cases) discontinued GC, with significantly higher rates in the IM group (40.8% vs. 16.1% in WM; P<0.05). GC dose declined progressively, with IM patients demonstrating faster reductions (median 3.75 mg vs. 5.00 mg in WM at 12 months; P<0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis identified age <60 years [P<0.001, hazard ratios (HR)=2.142, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.523-3.012], IM therapy (P=0.001, HR=2.175, 95% CI: 1.369-3.456), baseline GC dose ⩽7.5 mg (P=0.003, HR=1.637, 95% CI: 1.177-2.275), and absence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use (P=0.001, HR=2.546, 95% CI: 1.432-4.527) as significant predictors of GC discontinuation. Sensitivity analysis (545 cases) confirmed these findings. CONCLUSIONS RA patients receiving CM face difficulties in following guideline-recommended GC discontinuation protocols. IM can promote GC discontinuation and is a promising strategy to reduce GC dependency in RA management. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, No. NCT05219214).
Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy* ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Retrospective Studies

Hemorrhagic shock is a common clinical emergency that can aggravate cell injury after resuscitation. Astrocytes are crucial for the survival of neurons because they regulate the surrounding ionic microenvironment of neurons. Although hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR) injury can impair cognition, it remains unclear how this insult directly affects astrocytes. In this study, we established an HSR model by bleeding and re-transfusion in mice. The social interaction test and new object recognition test were applied to evaluate post-operative cognitive changes, and the results suggest that mice experience cognitive impairment following exposure to HSR. In the HSR group, the power spectral density of β and γ oscillations decreased, and the coupling of the θ oscillation phase and γ oscillation amplitude was abnormal, which indicated abnormal neuronal oscillation and cognitive impairment after HSR exposure. In brief, cognitive impairment in mice is strongly correlated with Ca²⁺ signal strength in lateral septum astrocytes following HSR.
Animals ; Astrocytes/metabolism* ; Shock, Hemorrhagic/metabolism* ; Resuscitation/adverse effects* ; Male ; Mice ; Calcium Signaling/physiology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Septal Nuclei/metabolism* ; Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Cognition Disorders/etiology*

Intentional tooth replantation (ITR) is an advanced treatment modality and the procedure of last resort for preserving teeth with inaccessible endodontic or resorptive lesions. ITR is defined as the deliberate extraction of a tooth; evaluation of the root surface, endodontic manipulation, and repair; and placement of the tooth back into its original socket. Case reports, case series, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of ITR in the retention of natural teeth that are untreatable or difficult to manage with root canal treatment or endodontic microsurgery. However, variations in clinical protocols for ITR exist due to the empirical nature of the original protocols and rapid advancements in the field of oral biology and dental materials. This heterogeneity in protocols may cause confusion among dental practitioners; therefore, guidelines and considerations for ITR should be explicated. This expert consensus discusses the biological foundation of ITR, the available clinical protocols and current status of ITR in treating teeth with refractory apical periodontitis or anatomical aberration, and the main complications of this treatment, aiming to refine the clinical management of ITR in accordance with the progress of basic research and clinical studies; the findings suggest that ITR may become a more consistent evidence-based option in dental treatment.
Humans ; Tooth Replantation/methods* ; Consensus ; Periapical Periodontitis/surgery*

Recent clinical studies have shown that mutation of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) gene in cancer cells may be associated with immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and poor response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Therefore, efficiently restoring PTEN gene expression in cancer cells is critical to improving the responding rate to ICB therapy. Here, we screened an adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid for efficient PTEN gene delivery into B16F10 tumor cells. We demonstrated that intratumorally injected AAV6-PTEN successfully restored the tumor cell PTEN gene expression and effectively inhibited tumor progression by inducing tumor cell immunogenic cell death (ICD) and increasing immune cell infiltration. Moreover, we developed an anti-PD-1 loaded phospholipid-based phase separation gel (PPSG), which formed an in situ depot and sustainably release anti-PD-1 drugs within 42 days in vivo. In order to effectively inhibit the recurrence of melanoma, we further applied a triple therapy based on AAV6-PTEN, PPSG^@anti-PD-1 and CpG, and showed that this triple therapy strategy enhanced the synergistic antitumor immune effect and also induced robust immune memory, which completely rejected tumor recurrence. We anticipate that this triple therapy could be used as a new tumor combination therapy with stronger immune activation capacity and tumor inhibition efficacy.

Objective To rapidly visualize and detect the extracellular vesicles of glial cells in a simulated space environment.Methods By using 2,5 Gy irradiation and 12,24 h microgravity treatment,a damage model of glial cells was established in a simulated space environment.Exosomes extracted from conditioned media with reagent kits were transferred to neurons to elucidate the impact of glial cells on neurons.By performing live-cell fluorescence labeling of exosomes,a visualization monitoring scheme based on fluorescence intensity analysis was developed to characterize the release patterns of extracellular vesicles.The release patterns of exosomes were represented by the fluorescence intensity of the conditioned media.The effects of different storage conditions and duration on the quantity and size of exosomes were investigated.Results The exosomes released from damaged glial cells in the simulated space environment could to some extent protect neurons,with exosomes playing a decisive role in this process,and the neurosystem exosome visualization detection scheme was consistent with the traditional exosome validation scheme.An empirical curve for exosome quantity and size was established for semi-quantitative analysis,providing a new approach for rapid detection of exosomes in cell culture media.Furthermore,the optimal storage conditions for culture medium samples were clarified,laying the foundation for ground/space-based online analysis of culture medium samples after spaceflight.Conclusion Exosome rapid detection and analysis can be achieved through fluorescence labeling and utilized to investigate glial cell injury in a simulated space environment.

Objective To study the application of serum microRNA(miR)-338-3p and miR-495-3p levels in the diagnosis and disease evaluation of severe adenovirus pneumonia in children.Methods A total of 130 chil-dren with adenovirus pneumonia who were treated in Cangzhou Central Hospital from November 2020 to No-vember 2022 were enrolled as an observation group.According to the severity of the disease,the children were divided into a mild pneumonia group with 90 children and a severe pneumonia group with 40 children.A total of 130 healthy children who were examined in Cangzhou Central Hospital during the same period were en-rolled as the control group.The observation and control groups and the children with different disease severity were compared in terms of the serum levels of miR-338-3p and miR-495-3p.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of serum miR-338-3p and miR-495-3p for severe adeno-virus pneumonia.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of severe adeno-virus pneumonia.Results The observation group had a significantly lower serum level of miR-338-3p and a significantly higher serum level of miR-495-3p than the control group(P＜0.05).There were significant differences in electrolyte disturbance,circulatory system complications incidence,miR-338-3p level,miR-495-3p level,sequential organ failure score and Murray lung injury score between the mild pneumonia group and the severe pneumonia group(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of serum miR-338-3p and miR-495-3p in the auxiliary diagnosis of severe adenovirus pneumonia were 0.745(95％CI 0.662-0.828)and 0.774(95％CI 0.685-0.863),respectively.And the AUC of the combination of the two was 0.884(95％CI 0.821-0.946),which was better than that of each index alone(Z=2.593,1.963,P＜0.05).Conclusion The level of serum miR-338-3p is decreased and the level of serum miR-495-3p is increased in children with severe adenovirus pneumonia.The combined detection of miR-338-3p and miR-495-3p has a certain value in the diagnosis of severe adenovirus pneumonia and can be used as a serum indica-tor to evaluate the severity of severe adenovirus pneumonia.

Objective:To investigate the professional identity status of nursing students in higher vocational colleges in Shanghai, China, and to analyze the influencing factors.Methods:By cluster sampling, we selected 308 nursing students of grade 2019 from a higher vocational college in Shanghai for a survey with the General Information Questionnaire, Professional Identity Questionnaire for Nurse Students (PIQNS), Stanford Presenteeism Scale-6 (SPS-6), Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), Workplace Social Capital (WSC), and Nurse Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ). SPSS 22.0 was used for descriptive analysis, the independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results:The total PIQNS score of the students was (64.93±12.83), the total SPS-6 score was (15.91±4.40), the total WLEIS score was (80.57±15.52), the total WSC score was (32.38±6.33), and the total PCQ score was (95.47±18.63). The PIQNS score was negatively correlated with the SPS-6 score ( r=-0.282, P<0.01), positively correlated with the WLEIS score ( r=0.712, P<0.01), positively correlated with the WSC score ( r=0.659, P<0.01), and positively correlated with the PCQ score ( r=0.681, P<0.01). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that personal interest, emotional intelligence, and psychological capital significantly affected the professional identity of nursing students, entering the regression equation for professional identity. Conclusions:The professional identity of higher vocational nursing students in Shanghai is at a medium level, and personal interest, emotional intelligence, and psychological capital are the main factors influencing professional identity.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xiao′er Huangjin Zhike Granules in the treatment of cough caused by acute bronchitis in children, which is defined in TCM terms as a syndrome of phlegm-heat obstructing the lung.Methods:This was a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial.From January 2022 to September 2023, 359 children aged 3 to 7 years old diagnosed as acute bronchitis (lung-obstructing phlegm-heat syndrome) were enrolled from 21 participating hospitals and randomly assigned to the experimental group and placebo group in a 3︰1 ratio, and respectively treated with Xiao′er Huangjin Zhike Granules and its matching placebo.Cough resolution/general resolution rate after 7 days of treatment was used as the primary efficacy outcome for both groups.Results:(1)On the seventh day of treatment, the rate of cough disappearance/basically disappearance in the experimental group and placebo group were 73.95% and 57.61% retrospectively, which had statistically significance ( P=0.001).(2)After 7 days of treatment, the median duration of cough disappearance/basic disappearance were 5 days and 6 days in the two groups , with a statistically significant difference ( P=0.006).The area under the curve of cough symptom severity time was 7.20 ± 3.79 in the experimental group and 8.20±4.42 in the placebo group.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P=0.039).(3) After 7 days of treatment, the difference between TCM syndrome score and baseline was -16.0 (-20.0, -15.0) points in the experimental group and -15.0 (-18.0, -12.0) points in the placebo group, with significant difference between the two groups ( P=0.004).In the experimental group, the clinical control rate, the markedly effective rate, the effective rate and the ineffective rate were 49.04%, 28.35%, 16.48% and 6.13% severally; and in the placebo group, the clinical control rate, the markedly effective rate, the effective rate and the ineffective rate were 38.04%, 26.09%, 29.35%, and 6.52% separately, which had statistically significant ( P=0.014).(4) There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events or adverse reactions during the trial between both groups.Moreover, while adverse reactions in the form of vomiting and diarrhea were occasionally reported, no serious drug-related adverse event or adverse reaction was reported.(5)The tested drug provided good treatment compliance, showing no statistically significant difference from the placebo in terms of compliance rate. Conclusions:Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that Xiao′er Huangjin Zhike Granules provides good safety, efficacy, and treatment compliance in the treatment of cough caused by acute bronchitis, and lung-obstructing phlegm-heat syndrome, in children.