Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)is the products of slow,continuous non-enzymatic saccharification reaction,which can reflect the average blood glucose of 2~3 months of the patients,and it is the most important index for long-term monitoring of glucose.There are so many methods for detecting HbA1c that America,Japan and Swede proposed their own standardized detection methods to reduce the difference laboratories.However,these methods were non-specific.A new method for was developed by International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and laboratory medicine (IFCC) in 2007,which was of high specificity,but which resulted in relatively low glycosylated hemoglobin.To avoid the confusion in reference value of glycosylated hemoglobin,average blood glucose was recommended by American Diabetes Association (ADA),European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD),and International Diabetes Federation (IDF).This paper review the origin of average blood glucose substituting HbA1c,relationship of HbA1c with average blood glucose,and the international multiple-center research of ADAG and its enlightenment,and we also discuss the relevant development in future.

The specific features of diabetic microangiopathy include thickening of basement membrane with deposition of a transparent material.Diabetic retinopathy,neuropathy,cardiomyopathy,as well as diabetic foot are the main complications.It remains controversial whether intensive treatment may reduce the clinical renal end point events significantly,while evidence-based medicine confirmed that intensive treatment can reduce the trace and heavy proteinuria,neuropathy,and retinopathy.It will benefit the patients if comprehensive,and standard and,persistent treatments,are started as early as possible,and it consider the features of elderly patients.Managing Older People with Type 2 Diabetes Global Guidelines (IDF) and Chinese Elderly Diabetes Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment Measures point out that microvascular complications in elderly patients with diabetes closely related to the quality of life,to which we should pay great attention.Early prevention,early diagnosis,early treatment,reach the standard in early stage will be of important clinical significance for the prevention and treatment of senile diabetic microvascular lesion.

Retinopathy of Prematurity is a retinal vascular proliferative disease.With the improvement of the medical care in China, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has become one of the main causes of child hood blindness in recent years.Several factors such as short gestational age, low birth weight and oxygen supplementation are the three major risk factors for the disease, however, the pathogenesis is still not clear.This review here aims to expand the etiology and pathogenesis of ROP and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the disease.

Purpose:To study the efficacy and toxicity of g emcitabine/cisplatin(GP) and gemcitabine/carboplatin(GC) in patients with advanc ed non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Methods:patients for GP: gemcitabine 1 000 mg/m 2,days 1 a nd 8 plus cisplatin 30 mg/m 2 days 1-3 or GC:gemcitabine 1 000 mg/m 2 , days 1 and 8 plus carboplatin AUC=5 day 1. Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks. Results:54 patients to GP and 52 to GC. The objective response rate(CR+PR)was 48.1% for GP and 44.2% for GC. No significant differences between arms were observed in response rate. No significant differences between arms we re observed in median time to progression(6.8 months GP, 6.2 months GC).GP arm h ad a remarkably higher incidence of grade nausea/vomiting Ⅲ-Ⅳ than GC arm(P

Basal Ganglia ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Rodenticides ; poisoning ; Young Adult

Objective To evaluate antitumor effect of adenovirus-mediated cytosine deaminase (CD) gene and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) on rectal cancer cells.MethodsCD gene was transinfected into HR-8348 rectal cacer cell lines with recombinant adenovirus mediation. The transinfection rate and expression of CD gene were detected. Plating efficiency and MTT method were used to examine inhibition of HR-8348 cell growth, and antitumor effect of CD/5-FC were evaluated on HR-8348 experimental tumor in nude mice.ResultsHigh transinfection effeciency and expression of CD gene were achieved in HR-8348 with adenovirus mediation. CD/5-FC system showed a remarkble effect of inhibition on plating efficiency and growth of the tumor cells transinfected with CD gene, but no act on tumor cells without CD gene transinfection. In a mixture of HR-8348 tumor cells with and without CD gene transinfection, CD/5-FC killed both types of tumor cells and revealed a powerful "by-stander effect". With nude mice experiment, 71.5% of inhibition of solid tumoral xenografts of HR-8348 cells was found.ConclutionCD/5-FC has significant antitumor effect on rectal cancer cells with adenovirus-mediated CD gene transinfection and has also "by-stander effect" on tumor cells.

Objective To study the expression of cathepsin B (CatB) and metallothionein (MT) in colorectal cancer tissue, and explore their association with lymphatic and hepatic metastasis. Methods Immunohistochemistry technique was used to assay the expression of CatB and MT in 82 cases of primary colorectal cancer, normal colon mucosa, and lymph node and hepatic metastasis. The relationship between the expressions of CatB and MT and the clinical stage or pathological grading of the colorectal cancer were analyzed. Results The rate of CatB expression in primary tumor, normal colon mucosa, and lymph node with metastasis and hepatic metastasis was 48.8%, 20.7%, 66.7%, and 59.1%, respectively, and that of MT expression was 53.7%, 26.8%, 71.4% and 72.7%, respectively. The rates of CatB and MT expression in primary tumor, and lymph node and hepatic metastasis were higher than that in normal mucosa tissue. The rate of coexpression of CatB and MT in lymph node and hepatic metastasis was higher than that in primary tumor and lymph node without metastasis. As regard to clinical stages, the positive rates of CatB and MT in Dukes C and D were higher than that in Dukes A and B (?2=11.024 4, 10.933 8, P

Objective To explore the influence of cathepsin B (CatB) expression on the ability of adhesion and invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells. Methods Human colon cancer cell line LoVo and rectal cancer cell line HR-8348 were used in the present study. The total length of CatB mRNA was cloned and transfected into the cells, and the CatB expression was detected by RT-PCR. Cell adhesion was detected with Matrigel and invasiveness was assessed with transwell method. Results CatB mRNA expression was detected and enhanced expression was found in LoVo and HR8348 cells tranfected with pcDNA3CatB. Cell adhesion rates to Matrigel stromatin in control LoVo cells, empty vector transfected cells and CatB transfeted cells were 0.461 6?0.148 7, 0.412 1?0.215 8 and 0.691 6?0.150 8, respectively. The adhesive rate of CatB transfected LoVo cells was higher than that of the control cells and the empty vector transfected cells with significant differences (F=5.839 0, P

Objective To investigate the relationship between accompanying infection and the change of immunologic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM) patients.Methods One hundred and fifteen T2DM patients with infection and 95 T2DM patients with no infection were selected,and 102 subjects with no history of dia-betes were selected as no diabetetes with infection group.The venous blood of all groups were sampled after an over-night fast of 12h.Glycosylated hemoglobin a1c(HbA1c) level was tested by glycosylated hemoglobin automatic analy-zer.The levels of T cell subsets including CD3 ,CD4 ,CD8 ,NK cell and B cell ratio were tested by flow cytometry,Ig and complement level was tested by immune nephelometry.Results The level of body mass indices(BMI) in T2DM patients with infection group[(27.39 ±9.18) kg/m2 ] and with no infection group[(26.15 ±7.39) kg/m2 ] were higher than no diabetes with infection group (24.21 ±5.37)kg/m2 (t =2.548,4.702,all P <0.05).The levels of IgG,IgA,IgM,C3 ,C4 in T2DM with infection group were (11.83 ±3.92)mg/mL,(3.02 ±0.96)mg/mL,(3.38 ± 0.82)mg/mL,(1.70 ±0.38)mg/mL,(0.52 ±0.18)mg/mL,which in T2DM with non infection group were (12.46 ± 2.47)mg/mL,(2.63 ±1.37)mg/mL,(2.91 ±1.79)mg/mL,(1.58 ±0.43)mg/mL,(0.46 ±0.31)mg/mL,which in no diabetetes with infection group were (13.26 ±3.74)mg/mL,(2.06 ±1.86)mg/mL,(2.49 ±1.01)mg/mL, (1.19 ±0.82)mg/mL,(0.30 ±0.05)mg/mL.In T2DM with non infection group and T2DM with infection group, humoral immunity index including the level of IgG was lower and IgA,IgM,C3 ,C4 levels were higher than no dia-betetes with infection group,the differences were statistically significant(t =7.052,23.059,12.617,18.326,8.730, all P <0.05).The levels of CD4 ,CD8 ,NK,CD4 /CD8 ,CD3 were (37.68 ±8.39)%,(31.58 ±6.98)%,(10.76 ± 6.49)%,(1.19 ±0.75),(62.83 ±5.28)% in T2DM with infection group,which in T2DM with non infection group were (39.23 ±10.28)%,(27.61 ±5.65)%,(14.89 ±7.12)%,(1.39 ±1.01),(64.19 ±6.46)%,which in no diabetes with infection group were (42.91 ±5.67)%,(25.17 ±7.25)%,(16.39 ±6.24)%,(1.86 ±0.82), (73.65 ±9.10)%.Cellular immunity index containing CD4 ,CD8 ,NK,CD4 /CD8 ,CD3 levels decreased more signifi-cantly than no diabetic group,T2DMI group compared with T2DM group,the levels of IgG,CD4 ,CD8 ,NK,B cell ratio, CD4 /CD8 ,CD3 decreased obviously,while the levels of IgA,IgM,C3 declined greatly,there were significant differences (t =11.038,8.237,18.549,25.871,2.436,all P <0.05).Conclusion Patients with T2DM have humoral and cellular immunity abnormalities,T2DM patients with infection is closely related with the imbalance of immunologic function.

In order to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the subjects and the interests of the whole society , a relaxed and harmonious environment was created to ensure the normal medical research , clini-cal research trials which fit in trial of ethical review. The protocol assessment form and ICF assessment form to review are two cornerstones of protecting subjects. A good ICF assessment form is a necessary means to help improve the quality of the Ethics Committee for review .