The purpose of this article was to review the current knowledge base related to the risk factors,pathogens,diagnosis and to review and evaluate the strategies to reduce ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP),especially ventilator bundles for prevention of VAP which including elevation of the head of the bed,daily sedative interruption and daily assessment readiness of extubate,peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis,deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis,daily oral care with chlorhexidine.This article also reviewed the role of new type endotracheal tube in reducing incidence of VAP.

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Dendritic Cells ; immunology ; Hepatitis B ; immunology ; therapy ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; immunology ; Humans

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Heart Failure ; therapy ; Humans

Objective Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) signaling pathway related genes mRNA expression and promoter methylation of GABRB2 gene in peripheral blood were investigated to explore the mechanisms involved in schizophrenia (SZ) and antipsychotics treatment. Methods DNA was isolated from blood samples of 53 SZ patients and 53 gender-and age-matched healthy controls. 12 out of 25 SZ patients were followed 8 weeks antipsychotic treatment. The quantitative GABRB2 promoter methylation was analyzed using the high-throughput mass spectrometry on matrix-as?sisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass array before and after treatment. Results The GA?BRB2 promoter methylation pattern of case and control group was not significantly different (P>0.05). However, signifi?cant differences of the methylation levels of CpG_28 in the GABRB2 promoter between two groups were found in males [(0.215±0.084) vs. (0.264±0.103), P<0.05]. After 8 weeks antipsychotics treatment, a significant decrease of GABRB2 pro?moter methylatin was detected in the patients [(0.088±0.037) vs. (0.121±0.063), P<0.01]. Conclusion A down regulation of GABRB2 promoter methylation in blood of SZ patients after-treatment supports that GABRB2 promoter methylation in blood may be associated with the mechanisms of antipsychotics treatment in SZ.

Many epidemiological data and study of experiment show that adminstration of NSAIDs in long term can prevent the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer, its mecanism can be associated with the inhibition of PG which is produced by Cox 2 way, in addition, promoting apoptosis and anti oxidation were also one of the mecanisms of NSAIDs, the new selective Cox 2 inhibitor without gastrointestinal side effect would become the chemopreventive drugs of colorectal tumor.

Objective To investigate the interaction of in vitro antibacterial activity between cefoperazone-sulbactam and imipenem against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii.Methods The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of imipenem and cefoperazone-sulbactam against Acinetobacter baumannii were detected and the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of imipenem/cefoperazone-sulbactam combination was calculated by broth micro-dilution method.The interactions of imipenem and cefoperazone-sulbactam were assayed by K-B agar plate method.Results The MIC50 of cefoperazone-sulbactam and imipenem were both 16 mg/L,and MIC90 of the two drugs were both 64 mg/L.Among the 26 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii,16 strains had FIC indexes ≤0.5,and 10 had FIC indexes≥2.0.K-B agar plate assay showed that the cefoperazone-sulbactam/imipenem combination was synergistic for strains with FIC indexes≤0.5,and antagonistic for strains with FIC indexes ≥ 2.0.Conclusions Imipenem in combination with cefoperazone-sulbactam can be either antagonistic or synergistic against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.The clinical use of cefoperazone-sulbactam/imipenem combination for the treatment of carbapenem resistance Acinetobacter baumannii infections should be cautious in case of antagonism.

AIM: To observe the mechanism of intracellu la r signal transduction that fraction F of naja naja atra venom inhibits plate let aggregation. METHODS: Tests were divided into six groups: (1) blank group; (2 ) control group and (3)-(6) ADP plus fraction F group (doses of fraction F were 100, 30, 10, 3 mg/L, respectively). Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in platelet s was assayed by Western blotting and platelet aggregation was assayed by nephel omete r. RESULTS: Fraction F significantly inhibited molecular masses (MW ) 76, 66 and 37.5 kD protein tyrosine phosphorylation in platelet that induced by ADP in a dose-dependent manner, in which 30 and 100 mg/L dose group showed ob viously different effects when compared to control group (P

Composite Resins ; radiation effects ; Light

Objective To explore the relationship between plasma brain natriuretic peptide(BNP),endothelin-1(ET-1)and left ventricular end diastolic volume index(LVEDVI),left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)in children with heart failure and their clinical significance.Methods Forty-one children with heart disease were divided into Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups according to New York Heart Assciation(NYHA)heart functional class.Plasma BNP and ET-1 concentration were determined before and after treatment.All patients had echocardiographic study,including measurement of LVEDVI and LVEF.The relationship between plasma BNP,ET-1 and LVEDVI,LVEF were studied.Twenty healthy children were included in healthy control group,plasma BNP and ET-1 concentration were also determined.Results 1.Plasma BNP and ET-1 concentration in children with heart failure were significantly higher than those of healthy control group,and increased with the degree of heart failure.2.Plasma BNP and ET-1 concentration in children with heart failure were positively correlated with NYHA heart functional class(r=0.70,0.61 Pa