OBJECTIVE:To investigate the rule for circulation system structure of drug market,and to analyze drug circulation costs.METHODS:The rules for macrostructure and microstructure of drug circulation were analyzed.The quantitative conception of circulation links(y),circulation extents(n),last nodes(m) and transaction relations were introduced and their relationship were investigate using mathematic model.The proportions of transaction relation in various sections were adopted to analyze circulation cost.RESULTS:There were rules for macrostructure and microstructure of drug circulation.The microstructure showed as a dendrogram circulation structure.Last nodes(m) and circulation extents(n) determinated circulation links(y),relationship between them was y=lnm/lnn.The proprotion of transaction relations in the last link was much higher than in the middle links.CONCLUTIONS:According to the mathematic model,transaction relations mainly concentrate in the last link.As a result it is not possible for us to cut down the quantity of transaction relations and the circulation costs through compaction of the middle links.

OBJECTIVE:To reveal the relationship between mark-up rate and false high price of drug and to study the formation mechanism of drug brokerage.METHODS:Based on the concrete condition,the ratio of circulation costs to production costs was analyzed with mathematical technology to establish price curve equation.The price base line and the formation mechanism of drug brokerage at condition of mark-up rate were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:If the circulation costs had no elasticity and mark-up rate(?) was less than the ratio of circulation cost to production cost,there were three kinds of results:if price was determined according to the rule,drug had withdrawn from the market in view of unbalance of the circulation costs;false production costs induced the false high price of drug;brokerage of drugs were conducted.Theoretically the less the value of ? makes,the more false high price and brokerage of drug are.

Objective To develop and verify a reporter gene assay(RGA) for the detection of biological activity of human growth hormone(hGH).Methods The biological activity of hGH was evaluated by the expression of luciferase(Luc)activated by hGH binding to hGH receptor(hGHR) on HEK293/GH-Luc cell membrane.The developed detection conditions were as follows:the initial concentration of sample was 1 μg/mL;the cell inoculation amount was(2.45～2.66) × 10~4 cells/well;the sample was of 3-fold serial dilution,with a total of 8 dilutions and the incubation time was 18～24 h.The relative biological activity of the sample was calculated by measuring Luc intensity and comparing it with the national standard by four-parameter fitting.The developed method was verified for specificity,repeatability,intermediate precision,relative accuracy,linear range and durability.Results The excipient components in product and the serum components in culture medium showed no effect on the activity detection results;The geometric coefficient of variation(GCV) of relative titer of one batch of samples in six repeated detections was 6.794%,much lower than 20%.The relative titer GCV detected by two experimenters in different batches of samples at different times were both lower than 20%;The relative deviations of the relative titer determination values of samples at different concentrations were within ±12%,the slope of linear regression equation was 0.982,the linear range was 0.6～1.6 μg/mL,and the coefficient of determination(R~2) was 0.997;The GCV of three batches of stock solutions and one batch of finished products were 4.758%,4.430%,7.294% and 2.771% respectively under the conditions of different cell generation,cell density and sampling location,all of which were less than 20%.Conclusion The developed RGA showed good specificity,repeatability,intermediate precision,relative accuracy,linear range and durability,which met the application requirements and was expected to replace the traditional in vivo biological activity detection methods for the activity evaluation and quality control of hGH.

Objective To discuss which drainage method is more efficient in treatment of choledocholithiasis with obstructive jaundice. Methods Compared the difference of serum total bilirubin,direct bilirubin, the variation of serum total bilirubin and direct bilirubin before and after drainage and daily biliary drainage by endoscopic nasobil-iary drainage (ENBD) and endoscopic nasobiliary drainage with continuous negative-pressure suction after three days. Results The daily biliary drainage about the patients by ENBD with continuous negative-pressure suction is much more effective than the patients by ENBD. The serum total bilirubin and direct bilirubin about the patients by ENBD with continuous negative-pressure suction is less than the patients by ENBD after three days. The variation of serum total bilirubin and direct bilirubin before and after drainage about the patients by ENBD with continuous neg-ative-pressure suction is more than the patients by ENBD. Conclusion The ENBD with continuous negative-pres-sure suction is more effective for choledocholithiasis with obstructive jaundice.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of montelukast combined with budesonide in the treatment of children with asthma. Methods 70 cases of children with asthma were randomly divided into group A and group B, included 35 cases in each group. Group A was treated with single budesonide and Group B was given montelukast combined with budesonide. The clinical efficacy of two groups of asthma was compared, the body temperature returned to normal time, the time of wheezing disappeared, the normal time of the laboratory index, the normal time of the chest radiograph, the inflammatory factors and the lung function indexes and the side effects. Results The clinical curative effect of group B was higher than that of group A(P<0.05); Body temperature in group B returned to normal time, the time of wheezing disappeared, the normal time of laboratory index was shorter than that of group A(P<0.05); Inflammatory factors and lung function were similar. After intervention, the inflammatory factors and lung function of group B were better than those of group A(P<0.05). There were no obvious side effects in the two groups. Conclusion The clinical efficacy and safety of montelukast combined with budesonide in the treatment of children with asthma can improve the symptoms of children, cause the symptoms to recite in a short time, reduce the inflammatory factors, improve lung function, no obvious adverse reactions, safety effective.

Objective To assess the quality of life and its influencing factors in ellerly patients with advanced cancer.Methods The quality of life was evaluated with EORTC QLQ-C30 scale Chinese version in 103 elderly patients with advanced cancer in a hospital outpatient clinic of Beijing from July 2013 to July 2014.The overall health,physical function,role function,cognitive function,emotional function,social function and individual symptoms score were assessed.The general information and clinical data of patients were analyzed.Results The general score of quality of life in elderly advanced cancer patients was (35.77 ± 21.98).In the domain of function the role functional score was the lowest (36.60 ± 27.97);in the domain of symptoms the tired score was the highest(50.82 ± 30.16),the score of appetite loss was the highest in individual symptoms (39.78 ± 24.32).Educational level,marital status,living condition,medical insurance and the number of comorbidities were correlated with overall health in elderly patients with advanced cancer (P ＜ 0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the educational level (t =2.447,P ＜ 0.05),marital status (t =2.118,P ＜ 0.05),medical insurance (t =3.770,P ＜ 0.05) and overall health status were positively correlated with the quality of life scores;and number of eomorbidities (t =-7.157,P ＜ 0.05) was negatively associated with the overall quality of life.Conclusion The quality of life was generally poor in elderly patients with advanced cancer;and educational level,marital status,medical insurance,comorbidities are important influencing factors.

Objective:To observe the elimination of smear layer on the dentin exposed to Er,Cr:YSGG laser with different energy and irradiating distance. Methods:The in vitro first premolar was selected and slices with 1.5 mm thickness were obtained by horizontal sectioning through the middle third of the teeth crown using a high-speed bur. Each dentinal slice was irradiated under the laser with different irradiating distance(

Objective To investigate the relation of peripheral leukocyte total and its differential counts with urinary albumin(UAlb)in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods The 564 subjects with type 2 diabetes were stratified according to UAER levels.The total and differential leukocyte counts of peripheral blood were measured.Demographic and potential metabolic confounding factors were analyzed with multiple correlation and logistic regressions to evaluate the effects of leukocyte counts on UAER.Results With the increase of UAER,the peripheral total leukocyte,neutrophil,monocyte,eosinophil and basophil counts increased.In contrast,the lymphocyte count decreased.The differences persisted even after adjusting the influence of age,sex,duration of diabetes and other known risk factors.Conclusions Our study shows that peripheral leukocyte counts,even within the normal range,are related with UAlb in subjects with type 2 diabetes in a dose-dependent manner.

Objective To compare the levels of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsC-RP) among subjects with normal fasting glucose plus normal glucose tolerance(NFG/NGT),IFG,IGT and IFG plus IGT,and to analyze the related risk factors. Methods 443 nondiabetic subjects aged 39-65 years were seperated into four groups:NFG plus NGT,IFG,IGT and IFG plus IGT.The serum hsC-RP levels and related factors were analyzed. Results Compared with IFG subjects,IGT subjects had higher hsC-RP levels.No differences in hsC-RP levels were found between NFG plus NGT group and IFG group, as well as between IGT group and IFG plus IGT group.Stepwise multiple regression showed that BMI and HOMA-IR were independent predictors of hsC-RP. Conclusions IGT subjects have significantly higher serum hsC-RP level than IFG subjetcts. The serum level of hsC-RP is associated with insulin resistance and the components numbers of metabolic syndrome.

Objective To assess the impacts of management of psychological health on metabolic indictors in community residents.Methods A total of 300 health check-up adults from one single community were randomly assigned to the control group (receiving routine health management,n =150) and the study group (receiving psychological health management,n =150).Blood pressure (BP),fasting plasma glucose (FPG),total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and life style were evaluated and compared at baseline and 1-year follow-up.Results No difference of clinical data was found between the two groups at baseline.After 1-year intervention,current sigarette smoking,BP,FPG,TC,TG and LDL-C of the study group were significantly decreased when compared with the control group (x2 =7.54,t =6.43,5.38,5.89,6.15,4.36,6.69,5.47 ; all P ＜ 0.05).Compliance to and satisfaction with health management were significantly improved in the study group (x2 =9.13,12.35,11.96,10.98,9.95 ; all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Management of psychological health may be effective in improving healthy life style,patients' satisfaction and cardiovascular metabolism in community residents.