Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) is a group of heterogeneous cells and a major component of inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment. Parts of these cells in gliomas are derived from central nervous system microglia and circulating monocytes, and have been implicated in angiogenesis, immunosuppression, tumor progression and invasion of gliomas. This article reviews the potential mechanisms of TAM promoting glioma development through various pathways to provide new possibilities for targeted therapy of gliomas.

Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Liver Diseases

Objective To study the incidence of complications of visceral and vascular injury in laparoscopic surgery for gynecologic diseases,and to discuss the ways to decrease the incidence. Methods The data of 2684 patients who received laparoscopic surgery from Januray 2003 to December 2005 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology were reviewed retrospectively.The incidence and treatment of complications of visceral and vascular injury were observed. Results The total incidence rate of complications was 2.53%(n=68),and that of the visceral and vascular injury was 0.37%(n=10).Four cases of injury were related with trocar punctures(injury of omental blood vessel,n=2;postperitoneal vessel,n=2),three took place during the operation (severe bleeding,n=1;bladder injury,n=2),and the other three were observed in the postoperative stage(ureter injury,n=2;intestinal fistula,n=1). Conclusion The complications in laparoscopic surgery for gynecologic diseases are increased with the extension and difficulty of operation,and are closely related with the experience of the surgeons.Proper candidates for the surgery and established operative technique are the key factors in decreasing the incidence.

Objective To investigate the effects of diazoxide postconditioning on myocardial ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts. Methods Male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital 40 mg/kg. Their hearts were excised and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with K-H solution saturated with 95% O2-5% CO2 at 37 ℃. Sixty-four isolated rat hearts were randomized into 4 groups after 20 min of equilibration (n = 16 each): group control (group C), group I/R, group diazoxide postconditioning (group D) and group mito-KATP channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) + diazoxide postconditioning (group 5-HD + D). Group C received continuous perfusion for another 70 min. In group I/R, D and 5-HD + D, the hearts underwent 40 min of iscbemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. 4 ℃ ST. Thomas cardioplegic solution was administered prior to ischemia in group I/R. Group D received 5 min of perfusion with K-H solution containing 50μ mol/L diazoxide at 5 min of reperfusion. Group 5-HD + D received 5 min of perfusion with K-H solution containing 50 μmol/L 5-HD before reperfusion with diazoxide. Eight hearts were taken at the end of equilibration and reperfusion and the indexes of cardiac function were recorded. Then the mitochondria were extracted for determination of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, and respiratory function indexes. Results Compared with group C, MMP was significantly decreased, ROS release was significantly increased, mitochondrial respiratory function and cardiac function declined at the end of reperfusion in the other three groups ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ). MMP was significantly increased, ROS release was significantly decreased, mitochondrial respiratory function and cardiac function were improved in group D compared with group I/R and 5-HD + D.Conclusion Diazoxide postconditioning can reduce myocardial I/R injury in rats via the opening of mito-KATPchannels and improving the mitochondrial function.

Objective To identify the influencing factors for pediatric nursese' reporting of adverse events at 3A hospitals in Beijing. Methods Adopting the random sampling of ten 3A hospitals with pediatric wards in Beijing and conducting an questionnaire survey of some nurses in those hospitals. Results The possibility of adverse events reporting increased with the awareness of adverse events which was related with their severity. Except for title, educational background, length of service, position and past experiences were not associated with the barriers. The major perceived barrier was fear of colleague relationship brokenup and some other undesirable consequence. Conclusions Better training of awareness of adverse events and changes of the punitive culture by the roots as well as some regulation or policy were the major solutions to improve incident reporting.

The hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) results can reflect the average level of blood glucose over the past 2-3 months,its clinical application value is transforming from evaluation indicator to diagnosis indicator.The application of HbA1c as a diagnostic indicator of diabetes is limited by many factors,such as multi-factor influence on measurement and its late start on standardization process in our country,optimal cut-point and the defect of HbA1c existing in the molecular level,etc.Therefore,clarifying the limitations of HbA1c in the practical application is of great significance for its clinical application.

Obesity has rapidly become a pandemic and is associated with increased carcinogenesis, especially esophageal adeno-carcinoma (EA). Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ because of its capacity to secrete a variety of adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. Adipokines have recently been found to be associated with different types of chronic esophageal diseas-es, including gastro-esophageal reflux diseases, Barrett esophagus, and carcinogenesis. First-hand evidence supporting the inhibitory and/or active function of adipokines has been collected on human EA. This review aims to provide important insights into the potential mechanisms of adipokines in EA progression.

Objective To investigate a practical scientific method for measurement of thyroid remnant in endoscopic thyroidectomy via breast approach.Methods The clinical data of 95 hyperthyroid patients were reviewed and analyzed.The patients were submitted to endoscopic thyroidectomy via breast approach and bilateral subtotal thyroid resection were performed.Thyroid remnant were assessed by naked eyes in 32 cases,thyroid remnant measuring tape in 63 cases.The therapeutic effect was observed.Results All the operations were successfully performed.There was no dyspnea,bleeding,recurrent laryngeal nerve and thyroid gland injury,postoperative recovery was well.The function of thyroid gland was reviewed after operation every 2-3 months,and reviewed by color ultrasound after operation every 6 months.Followed up for 1.8-6.0 years.In 32 patients whose thyroid remnant were assessed by naked eyes,3 patients showed relapse after operation 3 months,2 patients developed hypothyroidism.In 63 patients whose thyroid remnant were assessed by thyroid remnant measuring tape,there had no relapse and hypothyroidism.Conclusion Using thyroid remnant measuring tape in endoscopic thyroidectomy,according to 3.0,2.0,0.5 measurement method,make 1.06 g/cm3 as standard,is scientific,practical and clinical feasible.

Objective To investigate the method of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) for the repair of atrial septal defect with thoracoscopy. Methods Thirty-six patients with atrial septal defect were operated on.The artery channel and one venous channel were placed in the right femoral artery and femoral venous,the other venous channel was placed in the superior venous cave to set up CPB.The thoracoscope was put into thoracic cavity by the seventh interspace;the other two holes in the fourth interspace were used for operative procedure.The atrial septal defect was closed by thoracoscopy with the help of CPB. Results Except one patient whose incision was extended to stanch bleeding so as to avoid accidents when CPB stopped resulting in low oxygen saturation operation for other patients was successful.After operation,thirty-five patients recovered well and no complication occurred. Conclusions It is safe and reliable to repair atria septal defect with thoracoscopy with the help of CPB.

Breast malignant lymphoma refers to occur in the breast malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue.Breast malignant lymphoma which belongs to outside of lymph tissue malignant tumor can be divided into two categories:one category is the secondary breast lymphoma (SBL),another kind is the primary malignant lymphoma of the breast (PBL).Because the rate of PBL was low and the difficulty of preoperative diagnosis,illness development is rapid and high malignant degree,we should improve the attention of clinicians.Based on the discussion of primary breast lymphoma pathological changes,histological types,clinical manifestations,this article focuses on the progress of diagnosis and treatment of the PBL.