BACKGROUND:Endovascular embolization materials have been produced and used clinicaly, but new problems constantly occur in the clinical application and new demands are also developed for embolic materials. OBJECTIVE:To retrospectively analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various types of embolic materials and to investigate the relationship between application fields and selection of embolic materials, thereby providing a reference for clinical treatment. METHODS:CNKI and PubMed databases were retrieved for relevant literature, and then embolic materials were systemicaly reviewed based on relevant clinical application and basic research literature in the folowing aspects: embolism mechanisms, clinical applications, advantages and disadvantages of various embolic materials. In this review, the existing problems in the current study were pointed out, and the development direction of relevant research and clinical application were also prospected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Embolic materials should have biodegradability and biocompatibility. Current embolic materials include absorbable gelatin sponge, Polyvinylalcohol embolic agent, micro-coils and liquid embolic materials. Gelatin embolic material has no antigenicity and good histocompatibility, as wel as has excelent compressibility and water re-expansibility. Polyvinylalcohol particles are a polymer material that is insoluble in water, has high expansion coefficient, mechanical embolization, non-alergenic reaction, no acute systemic toxicity, no intracutaneous irritation, and can be used safely and effectively. Adhesive liquid embolic material has no vascular toxicity and has been widely used. Endovascular embolization materials have been produced in succession, and meanwhile, new problems in clinical applications have been found and new demands for embolic materials have been put forward continuously. Thus, a variety of embolic materials have their own advantages and disadvantages, and none of embolic materials can be applied to al diseases. To select an appropriate embolic material is very important for safe and effective treatment.

Objective: To study the effect of ghrelin on L-type calcium channel current (ICa-L) of ventricular myocytes in experimental rats. Methods: The single ventricular myocyte in experimental rats were obtained by enzymolysis method, and the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to investigate the effect of ghrelin on ICa-L of ventricular myocytes at different doses of 10 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L and 1μmol/L respectively. Results: Ghrelin at 10 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L and 1μmol/L may inhibit ICa-L at (8.95 ± 2.13) %, (31.18 ± 4.78) % and (64.63 ± 8.57)% respectively,P<0.05, and the current-voltage curve was shifted upwards. The channel half inactivation curve decreased from (-1.34 ± 1.9) mV to (-8.04 ± 1.32 ) mV, (9.76 ± 1.17) mV and (-11.81 ± 0.73) mV respectively,P<0.05, and the recovery time after inactivation was prolonged as τ value from (63.23 ± 9.32) to (98.95 ± 10.74), (109.56 ± 13.42) and (127.39 ± 16.13) respectively,P<0.05. Conclusion: Ghrelin may accelerate ICa-L inactivation and prolong the recovery time after inactivation. Ghrelin inhibits ICa-L in a dose-dependent manner.

Objective To explore the effects of wogonin on hyperlipidemia in mice and clarify the molecule mechanism. Methods Thirty mice were evenly divided into three group normal control group,model control group and treatment group. The normal control group was given normal diet,the model control group received high-fat diet,the treatment group received high-fat diet with wogonin (500 mg·kg-1 ). Results The mice developed hyperlipidemia 12 weeks after starting the high-fat diet. The body weight,visceral fat and fat index were increased (P<0. 05). After treatment,these indices were reduced ( P < 0. 01). Wogonin significantly reduced the total cholesterol ( TC),low density lipoprotein ( LDL),high density lipoprotein (HDL),except the triglyceride (TG). Compared to the model control group,the hepatic lipase(HL) and lipoprotein lipase(LPL) activity in the treatment group were recovered (P<0. 05),but HMG-CoA reductase activity was inhibited ( P<0. 01). Mechanistic study suggested that the lipid-lowering effect might be related to the lipid synthesis genes (SREBP-1c,FAS, PPARγ) and the lipid metabolism genes (PPARα,CPT-1). Conclusion Wogonin can prevent hyperlipidemia,which might be related to the regulation of enzyme activity and the changes of lipid synthesis and oxidative metabolism.

Aim To investigate the effect of the total flaconoids extracted from Xiaobuxin-Tan g ( XBXT-2 )
on the hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in mouse learned helplessness model. Methods Learned helplessness was induced by inescapable foot shock stress over 1h session for 5 days. After screen-ing, we divided learned helplessness mice into five groups:IS, inescapable shock;Dlx, dulxetine(20 mg ·kg-1);XBXT-2(25,50 mg·kg-1). Latency to es-cape shocks and escape failure had been recorded. During the test, Dlx(20 mg·kg-1 ) and XBXT-2(25, 50 mg·kg-1 ) were administered intragastrically once daily for four days. Serum corticosterone level and ad-renocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) level were meas-ured by ELISA, and expression of glucocorticoids re-ceptor ( GR) α/β and brain-derived neurotrophic fac-tor ( BDNF ) in hippocampus was determined using Western blot method. Results XBXT-2 (25,50 mg·
kg-1 ) or duloxetine treatment showed antidepressant effect in mouse learned helplessness model, as demon-strated by the decreased escape failure and escape la-tency. Our ELISA results showed that XBXT-2 or du-loxetine significantly decreased serum corticosterone level and its upstream stress hormone ACTH level in learned helplessness mice. Furthermore, Western blot result demonstrated XBXT-2 treatment increased GRs and BDNF expression in hippocampus. Conclusions XBXT-2 produces significant antidepressant effect on learned helplessness mice. In addition, the modulation of HPA axis produced by XBXT-2 may be important mechanism underlying its antidepressant-like effect in mouse learned helplessness model.

The elements of the teaching system driven by the "Internet +" era are undergoing fundamental changes . Intelligent teaching platform is gradually becoming an important guarantee of the reform of teaching system elements for educators while they are teaching. With the support of intelligent teaching platform, the elements of teaching system break through the limitation of classroom teaching, the traditional structure of teacher-centered is disintegrating, the individual roles of teachers and students are being reconstructed , the teaching content is greatly enriched , and the function of teaching media is becoming more and more intelligent. This thesis, which will take the learning support function of the WeChat Public Platform of "Medical History" as an example by drawing lessons from the reversed classroom teaching mode, carries out the mixed teaching model of Chinese Medical History course by three stages: pre-class autonomous learning, in-class knowledge perfection and after-class knowledge transfer. It will elaborate its overall influence on the elements of the teaching system of Chinese Medical History and its important technical support for the reform of classroom teaching structure.

In order to effectively increase capacity of Cu2+ absorption by Penicillium from Cu2+-containing aqueous solution and to study the mechanisms of absorption, effects of eight pre-treatment methods on Cu2+ absorption of Penicillium janthinellum strain GXCR were compared. The results showed that the efficiency of Cu2+ absorption obviously increased through pre-treatment by homogenization, homogenization-basification (NaOH), oven dry (80 degrees C), homogenization-salinification (NaCl), homogenization-detergent and homogenization-polarization (C2H6SO), but significantly decreased after acidification pretreatment with H2SO4. In comparison with the previous reports, the pretreatment in a homogenization-NaOH way could more efficiently enhance the Cu2+ absorption capacity of this fungus. Homogenization-basification (0.5 mol/L NaOH) increased Cu2+ biosorption by 47.95%. The Cu2+ absorption of the mycelia treated by homogenization-basification followed Langmuir isotherm equation, suggesting a surface absorption process. After four cycles of absorption-desorption, mycelia pretreated by homogenization-alkalization still had 70.82% of Cu2+ biosorption efficiency. Infrared reflectance analysis indicated that alkalization treatment made marked effects on molecular groups of C-H, C=O, and C=O in COOH on the mycelial surfaces, and -OH was a key Cu2+-binding group. It is therefore suggested that the Cu2+ absorption by the GXCR is likely to be a chemical absorption process through Cu2+ binding with -OH group on the mycelia.
Adsorption ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Copper ; metabolism ; Penicillium ; metabolism ; Physical Phenomena ; Sodium Hydroxide ; chemistry ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; metabolism

Objective To summarize prenatal two-dimensional ultrasound examination results of different types of fetal limb deformity,and emphasise on some rare deformity disease such as phocomelia and sirenomelia.To investigate the value of systematic continuous sequence approach in the examination of fetal limb during pregnancy periods.Methods Eighteen thousand seven hundred and eight cases of fetus were selected from September 2014 to August 2016 in the 105th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army,which were screened by routine and systematic ultrasonography.The systematic continuous sequence approach was used to focus on examination of the fetal limb.All fetuses with abnormal limbs were followed up.The ultrasonographic images were compared with the results of pathological examination and X-ray examination to summarize the ultrasonographic features of fetal limb deformities.Results Seventy-six cases of fetal limb deformity were detected by prenatal ultrasotmd system in 18 708 cases.Three cases were detected at 11-13 + 6 weeks of gestation,18 at 14-19 + 6 weeks,38 at 20-27 + 6 weeks,17 at 28-35 + 6 weeks.Types of limb deformities are as fllowing,11 cases of abnormal number of fingers (adactylism,polydactyly,syndactyly),2 cases of cleft hand deformity,45 cases of foot varus,1 case of sirenomelia and 4 cases of short limbs.Thirty-seven cases of fetal limb deformity combined with other system malformations and 12 cases were with multiple system malformations.Karyotypes were abnormal in 11 cases,including 3 cases of trisomy 21,6 cases of trisomy 18 and 3 cases of trisomy 13.One case of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of twins with sirenomelia.An autopsy of twin fetus indicated that there were epactal toes at the left foot.Prenatal ultrasonography.Conclusions The systematic continuous sequence approach in early and middle pregnancy play the advantages of each pregnancy examination.The fetal limb deformity can be detected early by combining application of systematic continuous sequence approach.

Objective To discuss the clinical efficacy of improved TIPS of percutaneous portal vein puncture in treatment of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding induced by portal hypertension.Methods 28 patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding underwent improved TIPS therapy in our hospital were enrolled.The clinical data,laboratory parameters and hemodynamic changes were collected and analyzed before and after operation.Results The success rate for the first time and hemostatic rate of postoperative 24 hours in all patients was 100%.2(7.14%)patients underwent mild hepatic encephalopathy.After TIPS operation,the concentration of serum albumin increased,whereas,concentration of total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase decreased(P<0.01).Portal vein pressure (PVP)of pre-and post-operation was(41.48 ± 3.72)mmHg and(28.91 ± 2.59)mmHg,and the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG)was(20.30 ± 2.76)mmHg and(8.81 ± 2.04)mmHg.PVP and HVPG were both decreased significantly after operation(P<0.01).Conclusion Improved TIPS therapy can obtain good clinical efficacy and safety for esophageal and gastric varicose bleeding in acute cirrhosis.

Objective:To compare the effects of different intraocular infusion solutions on histology and function of retina.Methods:Human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC), human retinal pigment epithelium (HRPE) cells and rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC) were divided into normal control group, balanced saline solution (BSS) group and compound electrolyte intraocular irrigating solution (CEIIS) group, and the cells were cultured in 10% DMEM/F12 medium, BSS and CEIIS for 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively, according to grouping.The proliferation absorbance value of cultured cells was measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) method.The expression of apoptosis related proteins in cultured cells was detected by cellular immunofluorescence staining.The cell apoptosis rate and cell cycle were measured by flow cytometry.The mitochondrial damage was detected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) quantitative detection kit.Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into control group ( n=3), BSS group ( n=6) and CEIIS group ( n=6). The left eyes were taken for vitrectomy and different intraocular perfusion fluids were used during vitrectomy according to grouping.The retinal function of operative eyes was measured by flash electroretinogram (ERG) before operation and 24 hours after operation, and the structural changes of each layer of retina were detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The early apoptosis of retinal cells was detected by TUNEL staining.The expressions of cytochrome C and bax protein in retina were detected by immunohistochemical staining.The ultrastructural changes of retina were observed under a transmission electron microscope.The use and care of animals complied with the ARVO statement.This study protocol was approved by an Ethics Committee of Peking University People's Hospital (No.2019PHE059). Results:The three kinds of cultured cells in BSS and CEIIS groups were damaged in various degrees.With the extension of culture time, proliferated cells were decreased and the number of apoptotic cells was increased.Compared with the BSS group, cultured cells in the CEIIS group were dense and in orderly arrangement with uniform morphology and size.The apoptosis rates of HRPE cells and RGC in the BSS group were (37.157±6.918)% and (29.993±12.330)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than (4.163±1.310)% and (6.337±1.903)% in the CEIIS group ( P=0.003, 0.045). There was no significant difference in G0/G1+ S phase ratio of HCEC and HRPE cells among the normal control group, BSS group and CEIIS group (HCEC: F=2.226, P=0.189; HRPE: F=2.634, P=0.151), and the proportion of G2/M division arrest phase of RGC in the BSS group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group and CEIIS group ( P=0.047, 0.024). The proliferation absorbance values of HCEC, HRPE cells and RGC in the CEIIS group were significantly higher than those in the BSS group at each culture time point (all at P<0.05). The fluorescence intensity of cytochrome C, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins in the BSS group was stronger than that in the normal control group and CEIIS group, and the fluorescence intensity of bcl-2 was weaker than that in the CEIIS group, and the fluorescence intensity of zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) was weaker than that in the normal control group and CEIIS group.The release level of LDH in the BSS group was significantly higher than that in the CEIIS group at different time points (all at P<0.001). After 48 hours of culture, the release level of SDH in the BSS group was significantly higher than that in the CEIIS group ( P<0.05). No retinal histological abnormalities was found through OCT examination of rabbit eyes after vitrectomy in the two groups, but transmission electron microscopy showed that there were different degrees of loose arrangement of retinal photoreceptor cells, a large number of photoreceptor outer membrane discs falling off and vacuolar degeneration in the two groups, especially in the BSS group.TUNEL staining showed that the apoptotic cells were mainly located in the inner nuclear layer and RGC layer.The number of apoptotic retinal cells was (135.2±22.8)/high-power field of vision in the BSS group, which was significantly higher than (81.3±17.7)/high-power field of vision in the CEIIS group ( t=4.175, P=0.002). Full field flash ERG showed that the amplitudes of scotopic 3.0 ERG a- and b-wave in the CEIIS group after operation were significantly lower than those before operation, but the differences were not statistically significant (all at P>0.05). The amplitudes of scotopic 3.0 ERG a- and b-wave in the BSS group after operation were significantly lower than those before operation ( P=0.026, 0.010). Conclusions:In vivo and in vitro research results show that compared with BSS, there were few apoptotic cells in retinal tissue after vitrectomy perfused by CEIIS.

The tumor microenvironment includes blood vessels， lymph， nerves， non-malignant cells， and their metabolites at and near the tumor lesion site， which interact with cancer cells and promote cancer progression. Rapid proliferation of cancer cells increases oxygen consumption， or abnormalities in the structure and function of blood vessels in solid tumors lead to a decrease in oxygen supply， forming a hypoxia microenvironment. The existence of a hypoxia microenvironment is a typical pathophysiological feature of locally advanced solid tumors， widely present in various types of human malignant tumors. Hypoxia microenvironment is a sign of tumor microenvironment and an important and complex system in the breast tumor microenvironment. Its formation and development are closely related to the growth of breast cancer， occupying an important position in the research and treatment of breast cancer. With its advantages of multiple pathways and multiple targets， the effective monomer and compound of traditional Chinese medicine can better regulate the hypoxia microenvironment of breast cancer， inhibit the proliferation， invasion， and metastasis of breast cancer cells in the hypoxia environment， induce apoptosis， reverse their drug resistance， intervene in the metabolic reprogramming of breast cancer cells in the hypoxia environment， and inhibit their angiogenesis， thereby improving the quality of life of patients to a certain extent and prolonging the survival cycle of patients. This paper first summarized and discussed the effects of hypoxia microenvironment on proliferation， invasion， metastasis， drug resistance， immune function， metabolic reprogramming， non-coding RNA， iron death， and autophagy of breast cancer cells， which affected the occurrence and development of breast cancer， and it elaborated the mechanism behind it. Then， the paper elucidated the regulatory effect and mechanism of targeting the hypoxia microenvironment based on the two modes of effective monomer and compound of traditional Chinese medicine， so as to analyze and extract the deficiencies and directions of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating the hypoxia microenvironment and provide a theoretical reference for the effective treatment of breast cancer.