Risk of radiation limits the use of radioactive isotopes in humans and the use the stable isotopes increases. The improvement of the mass spectrometers has resulted in the development of a variety of approaches for measuring rates of protein synthesis.Currently, two methods (constant infusion method and flooding method)have been extensively used.

Sepsis causes marked derangements in the flow of glutamine among organs.During sepsis,skeletal muscle exhibits increase in glutamine release which is associated with a significant increase in endogenous glutamine biosynthesis.However, the release rates exceed that of synthesis.The liver appears to be the major organ of glutamine uptake,the bowel displays a decrease in glutamine utilization and the cells of the immune system are also major glutamine consumers.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of splenectomy on the intestine mucosa barrier in rats with obstructive jaundice. Methods50 Wistar rats were divided randomly into the obstructive jaundice group (OJ), in which the animals underwent operation to ligate common bile duct, and the obstructive jaundice + splenectomy group (OJ+ S). Seven days post-operation, plasma endotoxin levels were detected. Intestinal mucosa permeability was measured by the ratios of lactulose and mannitol (L/M). Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to examine the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) in the distal ileum mucosa. Western blots images were analyzed quantitatively. ResultsAverage ratios of L/M and plasma endotoxin were decreased obviously in the OJ+S group compared to those in the OJ group (all P=0. 001). Compared with the OJ group, the average intestinal villus height and mucosa thickness were upgraded somewhat in the OJ + S group (P = 0.019, 0. 001 ). By immunohistochemistry staining seven days post-operation, same comment as above the amounts of strong positive expression of ZO-1 were significantly decreased in the OJ group (6/18, P-0. 021). There wewas no difference between the OJ+S group(8/17) and the OJ group.The amount of strong positive expression of occludin was higher in the OJ + S group than that of the OJ group(10/17 vs 4/18, P= 0. 026). The same outcomes were obtained by quantitative Western blot images. Conclusion The intestinal epithelial permeability was increased in rats with obstructive jaundice,and intestinal barrier was damaged. After excising spleen, the amount and distribution of tight junction proteins were changed and the impairment of intestinal barrier was abated.

Objective To investigate exogenous PTEN gene transfected human breast cancer cell line MDA MB 468. MethodsUsing the lipofectamine 2000 transfection technique,wild type PTEN gene was transducted into an in vitro cultured highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA MB 468.After transfection, the cells were selected by G418.Then resistant clones were chosen and expanded in DMEM culture medium. RT PCR, immunohistochemical method and western blot were used to determine the expression of target genes. ResultsAn anti G418 cell clone was established and expanded in culture. The transfected PTEN gene MDA MB 468 cells showed expression of PTEN mRNA and PTEN protein. ConclusionHuman breast cancer cell line MDA MB 468 established in this study expresses consistently exogenous PTEN genes.

Inflammation plays an important role in occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis.Among numerous studies on inflammatory markers, the relationship between high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) has been widely studied.The present article made a review about the relationship between hsCRP and CHD.

Objective:To observe influence of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) on plasma levels of lipo‐protein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2) and hsCRP in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) ,and preliminarily explore anti -inflammatory mechanism of EECP in prevention and treatment of CHD .Methods :A to‐tal of 85 CHD patients were selected from our hospital ,randomly divided into routine treatment group (n=42) and EECP group [n=43 ,received EECP based on routine treatment ,once/d ,60min each time ,continuous five weeks were regarded as one course (35 times)] .Plasma concentrations of Lp‐PLA2 and hsCRP were measured in all sub‐jects at the enrollment day and after five -week treatment .Results:Compared with before treatment ,after five-week treatment ,there were significant reductions in plasma levels of Lp‐PLA2 [(58.46 ± 40.04)μg/L vs .(33.94 ± 23.22)μg/L] and hsCRP [ (3.54 ± 2.22)μg/ml vs .(2.19 ± 1.16)μg/ml] in EECP group (P<0.01 both) ,and there were no significant difference in routine treatment group between before and after treatment .Compared with routine treatment group ,after five-week treatment ,there were significant reductions in plasma levels of Lp‐PLA2 [ (56.87 ± 33.69)μg/L vs .(33.94 ± 23.22)μg/L] and hsCRP [ (3.63 ± 1.60)μg/ml vs .(2.19 ± 1.16)μg/ml] in EECP group , P<0.01 both .Conclusion:1. EECP of one course can significantly reduce plasma concentrations of Lp‐PLA2 and hsCRP in CHD patients , indicating that anti - inflammatory may be one of its mechanism in preven‐tion and treatment of CHD .

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of bile on small intestine mucosal barrier.Methods Fifty Wistar rats were assinged into 3 groups randomly: obstructive jaundice(OJ) group(n=20),biliary external drainage group(n=20) and control group(n=10).Ten days after operation,the plasma endotoxin level was determinated,the terminal ileum mucosas was obtained to be morphologically measured by light microscope,and immunohistochemistry and Western blot were uesd to examine the expressions of tight junction proteins zona occludens-1(ZO-1) and occludin in the mucosas.Results Atrophy significantly appeared in the distal ileum mucosas in OJ group.Compared with control group,the intestinal villus height,mucosa thickness and crypt depth in OJ group were obviously decreased 27.8%,21.7%,and 25.4%(P=0.001,0.001,0.040).There were no differences between external drainage group and control group(P=0.050,0.070,0.080);While the values of external drainage group were significantly higher than those in OJ group(all P=0.001).The level of plasma endotoxin was up to(1.49?0.27) EU/ml in OJ group compared with control group((0.27?0.09) EU/ml),P=0.001.In external drainage group,the value was(0.91?0.25) EU/ml,which was obviously higher than that in control group and lower than that in OJ group(all P=0.001).Immunohistochemical study showed strong positive expression of ZO-1 dropped from 7/10 in the control group to 6/20 in OJ group(P=0.040),occludin expression was 8/10 in control group and 7/20 in OJ Group(P=0.020);expressions of them in external drainage group(8/20(P=0.100,0.210) and 9/20(P=0.060,0.200)) displayed no significant differences compared with the other twogroups.Quantitative testing of Western blot showed the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin in OJ group were significantly lower than those in control group(P=0.001,0.010),the values in external drainage group were higher than those in OJ group(P=0.005,0.014).The expression of ZO-1 was lower in external drainage group than that in control group(P=0.001),and there was no significant difference of occludin between the two groups(P=0.062).Conclusion Lack of intestinal bile will undermine the intestinal tight junction protein composition,and make intestinal mucosal barrier impaired.The intestinal barrier more severely injured when biliary tract obstructs because of multiple factors.Bile plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal mucosal barrier.

Objective:To explore the relationship among plasma level of lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2) ,ankle brachial index (ABI) ,brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and coronary heart disease (CHD) .Methods :According to results of coronary angiography ,a total of 120 patients with suspected or diagnosed CHD were divided into CHD group (n=90) and non‐CHD group (n=30) .CHD group was further divided into sin‐gle vessel coronary disease group (single vessel group ,n=30) ,double‐vessel coronary disease group (double‐vessel group ,n=30) and multi‐vessel coronary disease group (multi‐vessel group ,n= 30) .Plasma Lp‐PLA2 level ,ABI and baPWV were measured and compared among all groups .Results:Compared with non‐CHD group ,there were significant rise in plasma Lp‐PLA2 level [ (23.60 ± 13.33)μg/L vs .(36.65 ± 17.24)μg/L] and baPWV [ (1244.27 ± 127.85) cm/s vs .(1753.08 ± 284.32) cm/s] in CHD group ,P<0.01 both .In CHD group ,compared with single vessel group ,plasma Lp‐PLA2 level significantly rose [ (25.81 ± 8.97)μg/L vs .(35.03 ± 9.80)μg/L vs .(49.13 ± 21.22)μg/L] in double‐vessel group and multi‐vessel group ,and that of multi‐vessel group was significantly higher than that of double‐vessel group ( P<0.05 or <0.01 );baPWV significantly rose [ (1579.77 ± 178.05 ) cm/s vs . (1808.07 ± 272.11) cm/s ,(1871.40 ± 306.03) cm/s] in double‐vessel group and multi‐vessel group , P<0.01 both . ABI of single vessel group and double‐vessel group were significantly higher than that of multi‐vessle group [ (1.19 ± 0.08) ,(1.17 ± 0.07) vs .(1.11 ± 0.15)] ,P<0.01 or <0.05 .Conclusion:Plasma Lp‐PLA2 level ,ABI and baP‐WV are related to CHD and its lesion degree ,combined measurement of these three indexes can predict CHD and its severity more accurately ,then preventing and treating CHD should be more effective .

Objective To investigate the clinical presentation, endoscopy and pathological features of subclinical cellular rejection (SCR) of small bowel allotransplantation. Methods Three times of SCR in a patient after isolated small bowel transplantation were studied by endoscopy and microscopy, and the clinical data and literature were reviewed. Results SCR was an unusual type of acute rejection after small bowel transplantation. SCR showed low-grade morphological changes of acute rejection, and may be relived after low-dose steroid or bolus steroid was given. Conclusion The causes of SCR are not clear now. SCR may be the early stage of clinical acute rejections, and may be correlated with unexpected high grade acute rejection, and chronic loss function of graft. The biopsy through ileoscopy is a "golden standard" of diagnosis of SCR in small bowel transplantation.However, the vessel lesions of graft, ileus, and inflammation should be excluded before diagnosis.

Aim To explore the effects of DADS in the cell cycle of HT-29 cells. Methods HT-29 cells growth inhibition were measured by MTT assay and cell counting. Phase distribution of cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Expression of p21~(Waf1),C-myc,Cyclin E was determined by immunohisto- chemistry analysis. Results MTT assay showed that DADS significantly inhibited HT-29 cells and exhibited a time, dose- dependent model. Adding 60 ?mol?L~(-1) and 120 ?mol?L~(-1) DADS for 24 h suppressed HT-29 growth by 23.1%,45.6% respectively. Cell counting showed that average doubling time retarded from 22.58 h in normal cultured HT-29 cells to 31.2 h in 60umol?L~(-1) DADS experimented HT-29 cells(P