Objective To explore the effect of health education on the blood glucose controlling target in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods 598 cases of patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into the control group (given conventional treat- ment and medication guide) and the intervention group (besides the above-mentioned treatment, also given diabetes health management program including the systemic health education and promotion, and with stress on behavioral, psychological, dietary intervention) and observed for 7 months. Results After 7 months intervention, there were differences in the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose and 2h postprandial blood glucose between two groups (P

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of 2D ultrasound (2DUS)-based composite score method and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in differentiation between thyroid microcarcinomas and benign micronodules. Methods A total of 216 consecutive patients with 258 thyroid micronodules underwent 2DUS and CEUS examinations before thyroidectomy from June 2011 to October 2013. The scoring of each nodule was based on five 2DUS features including hypoechogencity, irregular shape, macrocalcification, and taller than wide in shape. Microcalciifcation was assigned as 2 points and the remaining features were assigned as 1 point. A composite score was ifnally given to each thyroid nodule ranging from 0 to 6 points. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of diagnosing thyroid microcarcinoma by 2DUS composite score method and CEUS were calculated. Results The histopathologic results of all 258 nodules were acquired, including 125 papillary microcarcinomas and 133 benign micronodules. Each nodule′s 2DUS compostie score was ranging from 0 to 6 points. The area of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 2DUS in diagnosing thyroid microcarcinoma was 0.81. The 2DUS composite score method predicted the thyroid microcarcinoma with sensitivity of 78.4%(98/125), speciifcity of 72.9%(97/133), accuracy of 75.6%(195/258), when the nodule with a score greater than or equal to 3 points was deifned as malignant. Thyroid micronodules′enhancement pattern were divided into 7 types, including early hypoenhancement, hypoenhancement, isoenhancement, hyperenhancement, local nonenhancement, nonenhancement, and ring margin ring enhancement. CEUS predicted thyroid malignant micronodules with sensitivity of 87.2%(109/125), specificity of 75.9%(101/133), and accuracy of 81.4%(210/258), when early hypoenhancement and hypoenhancement pattern was defined as malignant patterns. There were no differences in sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy between 2DUS cumulative score method and CEUS in diagnosing thyroid microcarcinoma (McNemar test, P=0.099, 0.608, 0.096). Conclusion Early hypoenhancement and hypoenhancement are CEUS characteristic enhancement pattern for thyroid microcarcinoma, CEUS has higher sensitivity, speciifcity in diagnosis than 2DUS composite score method, while there are no statistical differences.

Objective To investigate the value of global longitudinal strain (GLS) in detecting severe coronary artery stenosis (SCAS) in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods Fourty-two patients with SCAS confirmed with coronary arteriongraphy (CAG) underwent two-dimensional strain echocardiography. GLS, wall motion score index (WMSI) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were obtained. Taking CAG as gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity and areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of definition of SCAS with GLS, WMSI and LVEF were calculated, respectively. Fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited as control. Results ①Definition of one or more branches with severe stenosis: The sensitivity and specificity was 77.51% and 100% with GLS of -17.50% as a cutoff value, 70.01% and 100% with WMSI of 1.00, and 57.51% and 100% with LVEF of 59.21%. ②Definition of two or more than two branches with severe stenosis: The sensitivity and specificity was 62.52% and 80.81% with GLS of -11.05% as a cutoff value, 56.22% and 65.31% with WMSI of 1.60 and 56.21% and 65.42% with LVEF of 54.31%. ③The correlation coefficient was 0.78 between GLS and LVEF, and -0.82 between WMSI and LVEF. The AUC of detecting one or more branch with severe stenosis with GLS, WMIS and LVEF was 0.87, 0.80 and 0.78, respectively, and AUC of GLS was more than that of LVEF (P＜0.01). AUC of detecting two or more than two branches with severe stenosis with GLS, WMIS and LVEF was 0.76, 0.64 and 0.64, AUC of GLS was more than that of LVEF and WMSI (all P＜0.01). Conclusion GLS can be used in detecting SCAS, and the value of GLS is better than that of WMIS and LVEF.

Objective To apply the binary Logistic regression model and evaluate the value of grey scale ultrasonography(US),ultrasond elastography(UE) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS).Methods US,UE and CEUS were performed in 130 patients with 142 solid thyroid micronodules (the largest diameter less than 10 mm).Pathology was followed up as golden diagnosis criteria.A Logistic model on the basis of ultrasonographic features was obtained.A receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of Logistic model.Results Four ultrasonic indexes were finally entered into the Logistic regression model including microcalcification,acpect ratio,advanced CEUS mode and elasticity score.The percentage correction of prediction was 92.1％ (129/142),the area under the ROC curve was 0.944.Conclusions The multivariate analysis model of binary Logistic regression can describe and analyze the process of differential diagnosis of malignant and benign solid thyroid micronodules by ultrasonography,and select out the valuable indexes for differential diagnosis.

Objective To evaluate right ventricular (RV)systolic function in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)patients.Methods Fifty T2DM patients and fifty normal controls were included in the study and underwent echocardiographic examinations.The following parameters were measured:1 ) Right heart dimensions,pulmonary artery (PA)diameter,pulmonary acceleration time (AT)and PA systolic pressure (PASP);2)RV systolic function:RV fractional area change (RVFAC),tissue Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (S'),tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE),longitudinal strain of six RV segments by 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI);3 )RV diastolic function:E,A ratio of the tricuspid inflow spectrum (E/A),E,E'(peak early diastolic velocity of the tricuspid annulus) ratio (E/E');4)RV Tei index.Results Statistic analysis showed that T2DM patients had thicker RV walls,wider PAs and shorter AT than the control group (P =0.000,0.001 and 0.000),while their right heart chamber sizes and PASP remained unchanged.Among systolic parameters,absolute values of RV longitudinal strain at the lateral wall-mid (lat-m),septum-mid (sep-m)and septum-basal (sep-b)segments were significantly lower in the diabetic group than the control group (P =0.001 ,0.000 and 0.005),whereas strain of the other three RV segments and RVFAC,TAPSE.S'were not significantly different.Moreover, E/A,E/E'and Tei index were all significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.000,0.000 and 0.006),indicating declined diastolic and general function of RV in the T2DM group.Conclusions RV myocardial strain by 2D-STI is more sensitive in detecting RV systolic dysfunction than TAPSE,S' and RVFAC.Among the six segments of RV walls,lat-m,sep-m and sep-b are better locations for 2D-STI than the other three.

Objective To evaluate the role of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography(RT-3D TEE)in left atrial appendage (LAA)occlusion.Methods Consecutive 10 atrial fibrillation (AF)patients (CHADS2 ≥ 2 )with high risk bleeding underwent LAA occlusion under the guidance of TEE.The LAA orifice shape and characteristics of lobes were assessed,the size of LAA with RT-3D TEE wee measured before closer implanation,and the position of the LAA occlusion device were evaluated by RT-3D TEE.The correlational analysis between LAA diameter and occluder size was conducted.Results Among 10 patients,the test results revealed 8 cases with complete LAA occlusion and 1 case with incomplete occlusion,and 1 case with failed occlusion.Five cases showed approximate round LAA ostium,and the other 5 showed approximate oval ostium.The average number of LAA lobes were 2.2±0.7. LAA ostium long diameter were larger by 3D TEE compared with 2D TEE[(21 .8±5.1)mm vs (20.8±4.1) mm],and ostium short diameter were smaller by 3D TEE compared with 2D TEE [(16.1 ± 3.0 )mm vs (1 7.0±2.6)mm],however there were no significant differences between 2D and 3D TEE measurements,and the mean ostium diameter and LAA depth were comparable between two methods.LAA ostium long diameter,short diameter,average diameter and LAA depth assessed by 3D TEE and 2D TEE showed good correlation with occluder diameter (3D TEE:r =0.719,0.690,0.791 ,0.71 1 ,and P =0.029,0.040,0.01 1 , 0.032,respectively;2D TEE:r = 0.887,0.894,0.932,0.896,and P = 0.001 ,0.001 ,0.000,0.000, respectively).LAA occlusion device position assessed by RT-3D:6 cases with appropriate position, acceptable position with 2 cases,and 1 case with malposition.Conclusions RT-3D TEE can play important role in evaluating the morphology of LAA,accurately judging LAA ostium shape and size and position of the occlusion device.

Objective To explore the imaging features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC) with real time contrast-enhanced ultrasound.Methods One hundredand forty-three cases with 149 thyroid nodules(no diffuse lession) were divided into two groups according to the diameter size(group 1,＜0.5 cm;group 2,0.5-1.0 cm) and examined by contrast-enhanced ultrasound during preoperation.Pathology was followed up as golden diagnosis criteria.Results Seventy-five benign tumors and 74 PTMC were confirmed by pathology.There were significant differences in echoes homogeneity between benign and malignant tumors in group 2(W =1 029.5,Z =-5.524,P =0.000) but no in group 1(W =933.0,Z =-1.738,P =0.082).And nonhomogeneous enhancement were showed in most PTMC in group 2.But most PTMC showed homogeneous enhancement in group 1.Conclusions Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is valuable in diagnosis of PTMC with the diameter size of 0.5-1.0 cm.

Objective To assess the value of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in left atrial appendage (LAA) closer with Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP).Methods Consecutive 32 atrial fibrillation patients (CHADS2≥1) with high risk bleeding underwent LAA occlusion with ACP LAA occlusion device under the guidance of TEE.Measurements of LAA anchoring area diameter (AAD) and LAA anatomical orifice diameter (AOD) including maximum,minimum values,and LAA depth on 2 dimentional TEE (2D TEE) were conducted before closer device implantation.The outcomes of LAA occlusion were analyzed.Results Among 32 patients,27 cases achieved successful LAA occlusion,including 2 cases with peripheral leakage ≤5 mm,and 5 cases failed occlusion.Among 5 failed closed patients,3 cases with LAA AAD≥ 30 mm,1 case with LAA of short depth,and 1 case with anatomical variation of LAA of low position that access sheath could not be positioned in the LAA.LAA AAD maximum,minimum and LAA depth were (25.9±4.9)mm,(20.0±3.8)mm,(31.0±5.6)mm,respectively,and LAA AOD maximum,minimum diameters were (26.2±6.2)mm,(19.4±4.3)mm,respectively.Among 10 cases with LAA AAD≥30 mm,7 cases achieved successful LAA occlusion,but 3 cases failed.The implanted device diameter was (26.4±3.8)mm,and device compression rate was (7.6±5.5)%.The coefficient of correlation between device diameter and large LAA AAD and AOD is 0.770 and 0.717,respectively.There was no complication but 1 case with pericardial effusion.Conclusions Two dimentional TEE measurements of LAA have clinical guiding significance in the selection of proper size of ACP LAA occluder.The AAD of 2D TEE has the good correlation with ACP occluder′s size,the AADs are important factors which affect the success of LAA occlusion.

Objective To discuss the feasibility and accuracy of left atrial appendage (LAA)ejection fraction by real-time 3 dimensional imaging (3D-EF),and tissue velocity of the LAA wall by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)via transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)in assessing LAA functions.Methods A total number of 76 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)were included in the study consecutively and underwent TEE for LAA investigations.3D-EF,fractional area change by 2 dimensional imaging (2D-FAC),peak emptying velocity (PEV),LAA tissue velocity by TDI at the mid-portion of lateral wall (TDI-L),mid-portion of septal wall (TDI-S)and the apical tip (TDI-A)were calculated.Results Statistic analysis showed the following results:1 )2D-FAC,3D-EF,PEV,TDI-L,TDI-S and TDI-A were all significantly higher in patients with sinus rhythm than those with AF during the TEE examinations (all P <0.05),and significantly higher in patients without spontaneous echo contrast (SEC)than those who had SEC (all P <0.05);2)The results of 3D-EF showed a good correlation with 2D-FAC (r=0.727,P =0.000),and their correlations with PEV were similar (2D-FAC and PEV:r =0.685;3D-EF and PEV:r =0.632,both P =0.000);3)TDI-A [(14.95±4.63)cm/s]were significantly higher than TDI-L [(12.62±3.96)cm/s]and TDI-S [(12.68±3.59)cm/s](both P =0.000).The correlations of TDI-A with PEV,2D-FAC and 3D-EF were all marked higher than those of TDI-L and TDI-S (with PEV:r=0.840 vs r=0.564,r=0.524;with 2D-FAC:r=0.701 vs r=0.486,r=0.504;with 3D-EF:r=0.753 vs r=0.493,r=0.522,all P <0.05). Conclusions 3D TEE is feasible and reliable in assessing LAA emptying function.The best location for LAA tissue velocity evaluation is the apical tip.

Objective:To explore teaching methods to improve the teaching effect in view of many difficulties in learning medical statistics for clinical medical students.Methods:Taking the clinical medical students of the same grade as the research objects, the students were randomly divided into two groups by cluster sampling in class, i.e. control group and experimental group. The traditional teaching methods and the scenario-based interactive learning software teaching methods were used respectively. The scores of medical statistics courses examinations and the statistical errors in responding to projects of extracurricular research activities were compared between the two groups. SPSS 19.0 was performed for statistical analysis.Results:The results of subject achievements of the students in the experimental group (74.08±11.19) were higher than those in the control group (63.82±10.10) ( t=3.926, P<0.001), especially the comprehensive capabilities of the innovative analysis questions and the multiple-choice questions. The statistical errors of the students in the experimental group was less than those in the control group. There were significant differences between the two groups in the estimation of sample size ( χ2=4.189, P=0.041), statistical design ( χ2=5.558, P=0.018) and data analysis ( χ2=3.971, P=0.046). Conclusion:The results suggest that scenario-based interactive learning software is helpful to improve teaching efficiency, and enhance students' ability to analyze and solve practical problems by using medical statistics knowledge.