This study was designed to examine the relationship between exercise diuresis and running load, following seven types of running events by five male athletes, aged 19 to 25 years. None had a history of renal disease.
Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects prior to the study.
1. Compared to the resting levels, significant increases in the urinary volume were observed thirty minutes after performing a 400-meter dash, but not after the other exercises.
2. The changes in creatinine concentration (30 min after exercise/after warm-up) were inversely proportional to the changes in urinary volume, indicating that exercise diuresis depends on the depressed reabsorption of water in the renal tubules.
3. The absence of diuresis after 60 and 100-meter sprints, indicates that the phosphagen system is mainly employed for energy supply.
4. The urinary volumes after 200, 300 and 400-meter dashs highly correlated with the changes in the excretion rate of pyruvate. This suggests that exercise diuresis is related to the lactic system in energy metabolism.
5. The decreased excretion rate of creatinine after 800 and 1, 500-meter runs indicates that GFR is reduced by these exercises. Furthermore, the lactic energy system caused the diuretic effect. Thus, even though secretion of antidiuretic hormones is increased following exercise, their effectiveness is reduced by lactic oxygen deficit.

For revealing the post exercise proteinuria, the variation of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GTP) activities were observed to know the fluctuation of the substances excreted in the urine and the composition of the urinary protein in 4 college athletes aging from 19 to 21 years before and after 10-mile road race.
The results obtained are as follows:
1) During the race and in the early stage of recovery the excretion of creatinine, uric acid, and urea-nitrogen decreased, and in this term clearance in the kidney reduced. More than 60 minutes after the end of the road race, the excretion of these substances returned to the level before the race.
2) The urinary pH value began to increase just after the race, became alkaline at pH more than 7 and less than 8 in all the subjects 30 to 60 minutes after the race, 90 to 120 minutes after the race it returned to level obtained before the race.
3) In the term when the excretion of the substances decreased, as described in the above 1), protein was much excreted, and it gradually decreased in the urine collected 60 to 90 minutes and later after the race, but the level of the excreted protein was still higher than that obtained before the race.
4) The Albumin/Globulin ratio of the urinary protein was low at rest, but in the early stage of recovery it was higher than 1, but in the later stage of recovery it decreased.
5) LAP and γ-GTP activities were also high in the term when protein was much excreted, but gradually decreased following the progress of recovery. LAP activity in the urine collected 120 to 150 minutes after the race recovered nearly to the level before the race, but γ-GTP remained still at a rather high level, and indicated the difference in the composition of the post exercise proteinuria.
6) It was estimated that the post exercise proteinuria would include not only the leaked plasma component caused by increase of the permeability but also some part derived from the renal tissue.

Fourteen female handball players who were candidates for Olympic representative team were asked to run 12 minutes, and the relationship between the variation of the urinary components and the variations of the running speed and the heart beats was researched.
The obtained results in short are in the following:
1) The covered distance of the 12-minute running was from 2, 385 meters to 3, 050 meters, and the average was 2, 830±196.6 meters.
2) The heart beat rate quickly recovered for about 5 minutes after running, and then gradually reduced; after 30 minutes the rate was considerably higher than the level before the running in many cases.
3) The urinary volume was obviously less after the running than that before it.
4) The 1-hour after urine including the running time contained much pyruvates and lactates exhausted therein, and then the excretion amount reduced to the previous level. The ratios of Pyruvic acid/Creatinine and Lactic acid/Creatinine showed similar tendencies. The ratio of Pyruvic acid/Creatinine before the running against that after the running showed positive correlation with the running speed more than 230m/min., but showed a negative correlation clearly with the recovering rate of the heart beat after 30 minutes being higher than 60%. It suggests that the excretion of urinary pyruvate increase with more anaerobic factors for energy production under the conditions of the higher speed running and the larger oxygen debt.
5) The urinary citrate obviously decreased just after the running, but in recovered considerably in the urine obtained after 2 hours. The ratio of Citric acid/Creatinine was low just after the running. The variations appears not to be simply due to the reduction of renal clearance.
6) The urinary creatinine tended to reduce in the urine obtained 1-hour after the running, and particularly with the urinary pyruvate more than 50μg/ml there was observed clear negative correlation with creatinine which showed lower concentration with more anaerobic factors; it suggests some reduction of renal clearance.

1) All students but 1 correctly typed the ABO blood groups, but only 33.2% of students and 63.9% of physicians properly performed cross-matching.
2) Most failures in cross-matching were due to the inability to detect allogeneic antibodies, but 5.2% of students and 2.9% of physicians failed to detect ABO mismatching.
3) Although laboratory practice is suggested to help students to solidify knowledge and comprehend principles, achieving an official goal of residency - gaining competence in performing and interpreting cross-matching independently - appeared difficult.

We analyzed the scores of objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) and written examinations administered to fourth-year medical students after practical training in clinical skills and to fifth-year medical students after clinical training and scores of graduation examinations taken by sixth-year medical students. Correlations were analyzed among the scores of 96 students who had taken all 3 examinations during a 3-year period. Mean scores on examinations in the fourth, fifth, and sixth years were compared between sixth-year students who did or did not graduate and between graduating students who did or did not pass the national examination for medical practitioners in Japan. Significant correlations in the scores were found between 1) OSCEs and written examinations for fourth-year students versus those for the fifth-year students; 2) OSCE and written examinations for fourth-year students versus graduation examination scores for the sixth-year students; and 3) OSCE and written examinations for fifth-year students versus graduation examination scores for sixth-year students. In addition, the mean scores in the fourth and fifth years were significantly higher for sixth-year students who graduated and passed the national examination than for students who did not graduate or who graduated but failed the national examination. These results suggest that the practical training in clinical skills given to fourth-year students and the clinical training given to fifth-year students strongly affect the overall evaluation of the ability of sixth-year students and success on the national examination.