Clinical microbiology should participate the infectious diseases consult.There is no guideline about this topic in the professional field so far.The professional recommendations are given to the different items including definition,professional,prerequisite,pre-consult phase,consult phase,post-consult phase,and etc.It is hoped that our recommendations are conducive to the consult task and can promote the development of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases.

Objective To investigate the characteristic of intravascular catheter-related infections (CRI) in Peking University Third Hospital in 2009. Methods The clinical and microbiological features of CRI were analyzed retrospectively. Results Two hundred and nineteen catheters were examined. Twenty-nine CRI cases were confirmed with colonization, 7 were insertion site infection and 6 were catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) by quantitative catheter culture method, but no CRBSI was diagnosed by differential time to positivity (DTTP) method. The incidence rates of CRBSI in intensive care units (ICU) were 0. 99- 3.03 per 1000 catheter-days.Among the colonized strains, 51.72 % were Gram-positive cocci, 20.69 % were non-fermenting bacilli (NFB), 13. 79% were Enterobacteriaceae and 10. 34% were Candida. One neonatal CRBSI was caused by Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Most of bacterial isolates were drug resistant. Seventy-seven percent of adult patients were older than 60 years and most of them had chronic underlying diseases.All of the 9 neonate patients were preterm neonate and 7 of them were extremely low birth weight infants. Conclusion There is a certain amount of CRI occurred in Peking University Third Hospital in 2009 and the intravascular catheter management should be enhanced.

Objective To investigate the microbiological and epidemiological characteristics of bloodstream infections in Peking University Third Hospital Methods The clinical, microbiological and epidemiological data of bloodstream infections in Peking University Third Hospital from January lst,2005 to December 31st, 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. Differences in proportions were compared using X2 test. Results Six thousand four hundred and eighty-eight blood culture tests for 5 138 episode of bloodstream infections of 3 795 patients were performed. The positive rate was 9.9%. The average incidence rate of nosocomial infection was 40.8 cases per 10 000 hospital admissions. In the 593 pathogens, 483 (81.5%) were pathogens causing nosocomial. The ratio of Gram-positive microbs, Gram-negative ones and fungi (all were Candida spp.) were 38.5%, 54.7%, and 6.8%, respectively. The corresponding ratio of nosocomial pathogens were 42.0%, 49.9% and 8.1%, respectively. The most frequently isolated strain was Escherichia coli (25.3 %). The coagulase negative staphylococcus was the second one (18.8%). The corresponding ratio of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp. , Pseudornonas aeruginosa , Acinetobacter baumannii and anaerobs were 7.1%, 7.4%, 8.3%, 3.2%, 2.2% and 0.7%, respectively. Ten patients (1.7%) had experienced polymicrobial infection. In hospital setting, Streptococcus spp. And Escherichia coli infections were more frequently in non-intensive care unit (ICU) than ICU (X2= 9.240, P= 0.002; X2= 23.609, P,<0.01; respectively). But the infection rate of Candida spp. Was significantly higher in the ICU (X2= 5.498, P= 0.019). The time interval between hospital admission and onset of infection for the most frequently isolated pathogens ranged from 15.1 days (Escherichia coli) to 29.7 days (Acinetobacter baumannii). The degree of resistance to the common antimicrobal agents had no change in the three years. Conclusions The average incidence rate of nosocomial bloodstream infection is 40.8 cases per 10 000 hospital admissions. The main pathogens are the Gram-negative microbs.

Objective This study compared the cleaning effect of gastroscope by different cleaning mehtods and discuss practical and reliable evaluation method for the cleaning degree of gastroscope.Methods Three cleaning methods were selected and used in the cleaning of gastroscope.The Endocheck lumen was used to examine the cleaning degree of gastroscope and the effects of different methods were compared. Results The qualification rate by using ordinary cleaning method was 50.0%and it reached 60.0%and 73.3%by elevation of polyenzyme concentration and adding bedside pre-washing.which Was statistically different from that by using ordinary cleaning method(P＜0.05).Conclusions Bedside pre-washing could increase the cleaning degree of gastroscope;Endocheck lumen could be regarded as an evaluation method for the cleaning degree of gastroscope.

Time to positivity(TTP) is a new parameter in blood culture field.The article shows us the concepts of TTP,differential time to positivity (DTTP),and introduces their relation with bloodstream infection (BSI),catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI).Besides,it stresses TTP' s clinical application,including determining the severity of disease;identifying the isolates whether pollution or not; identification of isolate strains ; detection of the drug resistance of isolates ; evaluating the effect of antibiotic ; helping to adjust the therapeutic drug; diagnosing or excluding CRBSI by means of DTTP;deciding whether the catheter is the source of infection in patients with candidemia; understanding the epidemiological distribution of strain.At the same time,the article also describes the shortcomings and domestic current status.

Objective To explore the types and drug resistance of pathogens in patients with type Ⅰ incision surgical site infection in orthopedics department.Methods Patients with type Ⅰ incision surgical site infection in orthopedics department at Peking University Third Hospital from January 2005 to December 2013 were retrospectively collected.Clinical characteristics of patients,distribution and drug resistance of pathogens were analyzed.Results A total of 58.2 thousands patients with type Ⅰ incision surgical site were hospitalized from January 2005 to December 2013 in orthopedics department,and among them 442 patients had infection in the type Ⅰ incision surgical site.The infection rate was 0.8％.Infection was mainly observed in elderly patients.The most common diseases were lumbar canal stenosis (21.7％),cervical spondylosis (20.6％) and lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (14.0％).A total of 453 pathogenic strains were detected,of which 52.9％ were gram-positive bacteria,45.5％ were gramnegative bacteria and 1.6 ％ were fungi.The common pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (25.2 ％),Staphylococcus epidermidis (14.1 ％),Escherichia coli (11.5 ％),Enterobacter cloacae (7.3 ％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.2 ％) and Acinetobacter baumannii (6.0 ％).The percentage of Meticillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 23.7％ and the percentage of Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) was 43.8％.Vancomycin or linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis were not detected.Proportion of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing strains in Escherichia coli was 53.8％,and proportion of ESBL-producing strains in Klebesiella pneumonia was 50.0％.The resistance rates to impenem and meropenem of the three different species in Enterobacteriaceae,including Escherichia coli,Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumonia,were 0.Resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam were less than 10 ％.Resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii to minocyline was 11.1％ and resistance rates of it to other drugs were more than 20％.Conclusions The rate of type Ⅰ incision surgical site infection in orthopedics department is low.Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria each account for half of the pathogens.The proportion of resistant pathogens is high and empirical treatment is needed to cover these pathogens.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of nosocomial infection pathogens.METHODS The data of pathogen′s origin and antibacterial resistance of Intensive Care Unit(ICU) inpatients from Apr 2008 to Mar 2009 in a Hospital were analyzed.RESULTS There were 226 strains pathogens isolated from 116 nosocomial infection cases,from which the Gram-negative bacteria were predominate(63.27%).The resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii was the highest in Gram-negative bacteria,more than 70% isolates resistant to almost antibacterial.The main Gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus,and the rate of meticillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA) was 41.3%.All S.aureus were sensitive to vancomycin and Linezolid.CONCLUSIONS To control the antibacterial resistance of pathogens and decrease the nosocomial infection,it is important to strengthen the appropriate use of antibiotics.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic values of (1,3)-β-D-glucan (G) and galactomannan (GM) for invasive fungal infection (IFI) in patients of acute radiation sickness (ARS).Methods Samples of periogeral blood,pharyngeal secretion,urine,and feces were collected from 316patients with ARS and suspected to suffer from IFI,192 males and 124 females,aged 60.50(1-96),with the underlying diseases of blood or respiration systems.Platelia Aspergillus EIA kit was used to detect the plasma BG (G test),and ELISA was used to detect the serum GM (GM test).Fungal culture and bacterial culture were performed.Results The positive rates of G test,GM test,and fungal culture were 36.33%,35.84% ,and 34.18% respectively,but the positive rate of fungal culture of blood sample was 1/316 only.Pearson correlation analysis showed that G test,GM test and fungal culture test were positively correlated with IFI clinical diagnosis respectively (x2 = 0.564,0.357,0.727,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Easy to operate,rapid,and highly sencitive,G test and GM test can be used as adjunctive methods for early IFI diagnosis in ARS patients.

Objective To explore the clinical risk factors of ventilator-associated fungal pneumonia (VAFP) in emergency intensive care unit.Methods One hundred and ninety-seven consecutive patients with 121 males and 76 females,aged from 17 to 98 years met the criteria of ventilator-associated pneumonia in emergency intensive care unit admitted from July 2009 to June 2014,were retrospectively evaluated.Those with mechanical ventilation less than 48 hours or treatment discontinued were excluded.Patients were divided into VAFP group and ventilator-associated non-fungal pneumonia group according to the results of fungal culture and microscopy.Univariate analysis was used to find out preliminary risk factors for VAFP,and then the ultimate independent risk factors were determined with multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis.Results The occurrence of VAFP was 32.0 ％ (63 cases) out of 197 patients with ventilatorassociated pneumonia.In those 63 patients,there were 71 species found from fungus culture.Candida albicans counted for 33 (46.5％),Candida glabrata for 11 (15.5％),other Candida Albicans for 26 (36.6％).The preliminary univariate analysis showed that 19 factors were statistically significant,while multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ score≥ 22,radiotherapy or chemotherapy,mechanical ventilation ≥14.11 days,use of antibiotics ≥14 days,use of glucocorticoid and other immuno-suppressants were independent predictors of VAFP,and the adjusted odds ratios with 95％ confidential intervals were 4.133 (2.831-6.033),2.977 (1.942-4.564),2.305 (1.439-3.736),1.988 (1.441-2.741),1.528 (1.337-1.746),respectively.Conclusion Higher APACHE Ⅱ score,radiotherapy or chemotherapy,prolonged use of mechanical ventilation,prolonged use of antibiotics,use of glucocorticoid and immunosuppressants are independent risk factors of VAFP.The incidence rate of VAFP may be reduced by improving patients' overall clinical setting,shortening the duration of mechanical ventilation and employment of antibiotics,and more strict guidelines to the application of glucocorticoid and immunosuppressants.

Tropheryma whipplei (TW) is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause Whipple′s disease (WD). Recently, the biomedical field is concerned about whether the bacteria cause pneumonia. When BALF was detected by PCR, the TW positive rate was about 6.1%. Etiology status is generally described as “associated” or “probable”. Immunocompromised status is the susceptible factor; Different species of the same genus have been reported. The current method may have missed detection. All relevant information needs further study. This article reviews the acute pneumonia caused by TW and the detection technology.