Cl - ,ClC 3 chloride current can be inhibited by chloride channel inhibitor DIDS?tamoxifen and extracellular ATP. ClC 3 is modulated by cell volume and regulated by PKC.The present review discusses the expression, eletrophysiology,molecular properties,signal transduction of such channel.

AIM To study the effects of endothelin 1(ET 1) on ClC 3 chloride channel protein expression in cultured bovine cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells (CSMC). METHODS Cell culture and Western blot. RESULTS ① The endogenous ClC 3 expression was found in basilar artery, middle cerebral artery, and microvessel; ② The molecular weight of expressed ClC 3 chloride channel protein was about 95 ku; ③ ET 1 enhanced ClC 3 protein expression which was inhibited by nifedipine and SK&F96365. Cyclopiazonic acid(CPA) increased the expression of ClC 3 protein in a concentration dependant manner, and enhanced ET 1 effect on this protein expression. CONCLUSION ET 1 stimulated ClC 3 chloride channel protein expression in cultured bovine cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells. The intracellular Ca 2+ plays an important role on signal transduction pathway in ClC 3 protein expression process.

AIM To study the characteristics of Ca 2+ channel mediated store operated Ca 2+ influx on rat vascular smooth muscle. METHOD Fura 2 fluorescence technique was used to investigate the [Ca 2+ ] i change. RESULTS ① S nitrosocaptopril (CapNO,20～120 ?mol?L -1 ) produced a concentration dependent inhibitory effect on cyclopiazonic acid(CPA) induced [Ca 2+ ] i change. The maximal inhibitory effect(37%?17%) of CapNO was reached at a concentration of 80 ?mol?L -1 . The same concentration of Captopril had no effects. ② Inhibition rate of 80 ?mol?L -1 CapNO (The concentration of maximal effect, CME) on CPA induced [Ca 2+ ] i change was 30%?10%, subsequent addition of 1 ?mol?L -1 Nif (CME)did not further produced the decrease effect (54%?18%). subsequent addition of 20 ?mol?L -1 SK&F96365 (CME) further produced the decrease effect. The inhibitory effects of 20 ?mol?L -1 SK&F96365 were significantly different in the cases of CapNO and Nif pretreatment(24%?10%) and non treatment (54%?11%). ③ The inhibitory effects of 2 ?mol?L -1 tyrphostinAG490(AG490,CME) were significantly different in the cases of CapNO (CME) pretreatment (24%?9%)and non treatment (42%?10%). 80 ?mol?L -1 CapNO effect on CPA induced [Ca 2+ ] i changes in AG490 pretreatment condition(18%?7%) was different from that in non treatment case(37%?10%). CONCLUSION S nitrosocaptopril obviously inhibits the opening of SOCC and VDCC, which mediates store operated Ca 2+ influx. The inhibitory effects of CapNO is associated with both sensitive to and non sensitive to tyrosine kinase (Janus2).

AIM To study the effects of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor on cultured bovine cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells (CSMC) Ca 2+ store operated Ca 2+ influx. METHODS Cell culture and single intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration was measured in fura 2/Am flueorescence probe by MetaFluor Fluorescence ratio imaging system. RESULTS (1) protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein,2.5,5,10 ?mol?L -1 )decreased Ca 2+ influx significantly induced by endothelin 1(ET 1),ATP,cyclopiazonic acid(CPA) in concentration dependent manner; (2) Protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor (vanadate,2,4,8 ?mol?L -1 ) increased Ca 2+ influx significantly induced by ET 1,ATP,CPA in concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor have effects on Ca 2+ store operated Ca 2+ influx induced by ET 1, ATP, CPA. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation participats in the signal transduction of Ca 2+ store operat Ca 2+ influx in cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells.

Objective To observe the survival and reproduction of Oncomelania hupensis snails and their susceptibility to schistosome in schistosomiasis non-endemic area of the Yangtze River estuary in Southern Jiangsu.Methods The soil and water from the Yangtze River estuary of Southern Jiangsu were used for the experiment.The snails reproduced in the same year were collected from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and raised in the laboratory.The snail survival and reproduction rates and schistosome infection of the snails were observed.The soil collected from schistosomiasis endemic area was used in the control group.Results There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups for the snail survival rates both in 6 and 12 months (X~2= 0.727 8,P > 0.05 and X~2 = 0.416 1,P > 0.05).Each female snail reproduced 67.69 eggs in average (95 % CI:24.026 0-110.097 4).The average hatchability rate of snail eggs was 83.60%,and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (X~2= 9.131 8,P > 0.05).The schistosome infection rate of the second generation snails was 1.40% (5/356) 60 days after the infection in the laboratory.Conclusions The snails collected from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River marshland can survival and reproduce in the soil and water from schistosomiasis non-endemic area of the Yangtze River estuary of Southern Jiangsu,and the second generation of the snails can be infected with schistosome in the laboratory.

Objective To investigate effects of atorvastatin on the development from macrophages (HMDM) to foam cells.Methods Monocytes were isolated from human peripheral blood by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation and plastic adsorptive process.The isolated cells were stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (50 nmol/L) for 48 h and transformed to macrophages.Macrophages were co-incubated with 80 mg/L ox- idized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and atorvastatin (0-100 ?mol/L),respectively for 0,6,12 and 24 h. Total cholesterol (TC),free cholesterol (FC) and protein (Pro) in cultured cells were quantitatively analyzed by high performance chromatography (HPLC) analysis and modified Lowry protein assay.Results When macropha- ges were incubated with 80 mg/L ox-LDL,the ratio of TC/Pro was greater than 20,and large amount of lipid drop- lets were displayed indicating the formation of foam cells.Atorvastatin decreased TC/Pro ratio in foam cells in a concentration and time dependent manner (0-100 ?mol/L)(P

Objective To observe the effects of different frequencies of electroacupuncture on the degree of atrophy of quadriceps femoris in rabbits with anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injury model;To explore the possible mechanisms of electroacupuncture in treating ACL injury.Methods Totally 24 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into blank group,model group,low-frequency electroacupuncture group and high-frequency electroacupuncture group,with 6 rabbits in each group.Except for the blank group,ACL injury models were established in the other groups.On the 7th day after modeling,the low-frequency electroacupuncture group and the high-frequency electroacupuncture group performed electroacupuncture treatment(continuous wave,frequency of 2 Hz and 100 Hz respectively,and left the needle in place for 20 min)at"Xuehai"and"Liangqiu"of the operation side,and the remaining groups were only grasped and immobilized,for 21 days.The mass ratio of the quadriceps femoris was calculated,the histopathological morphology of the quadriceps femoris tissue of the rabbits in each group was observed by HE staining,the expressions of NO,iNOS in quadriceps femoris tissue were detected by ELISA,the content of ROS in quadriceps femoris tissue was detected by fluorescent probe,the protein expressions of PERK,ATF6,IRE1,MuRF1,MAFbx in quadriceps femoris tissue were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the blank group,the quadriceps femoris muscle mass ratio of the model group rabbits was significantly reduced(P<0.01),with irregular arrangement of muscle cells,accompanied by swelling and atrophy,significant interstitial edema,and extensive inflammatory infiltration,the contents of NO,iNOS and ROS in quadriceps femoris tissue significantly increased(P<0.01),while the expressions of PERK,ATF6,IRE1,MuRF1 and MAFbx proteins significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the quadriceps femoris muscle mass ratio in the low-frequency and high-frequency electroacupuncture groups significantly increased(P<0.01),with regular arrangement of muscle cells,improved swelling and atrophy of cells,and reduced interstitial edema and inflammation,the contents of NO,iNOS and ROS in quadriceps femoris tissue were significantly reduced(P<0.01),and the expressions of PERK,ATF6,IRE1,MuRF1 and MAFbx proteins significantly decreased(P<0.01).Moreover,the low-frequency electroacupuncture group had better effects than the high-frequency electroacupuncture group(P<0.05).Conclusion Different frequencies of electroacupuncture intervention in ACL injury rabbits can better delay the degree of quadriceps femoris atrophy,and its mechanism may be related to reducing the expressions of oxidative metabolites NO,iNOS,ROS,and reducing the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins PERK,ATF6,IRE1 in quadriceps fermoris,which in turn inhibit the expressions of quadriceps atrophy factors MuRF1,MAFbx,and delaying the degradation of quadriceps muscle proteins.The effect of low-frequency electroacupuncture is superior to the high-frequency electroacupuncture.

Objective To analyze and summarize the acupoint selection law of acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome(TMD)using data mining technology.Methods Clinical literature about acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of TMD was retrieved from CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP,CBM,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase and Cochrane Library from the establishment of the databases to March 1,2024.Excel 2021 was used to establish a prescription database of acupoints.SPSS Modeler 18.0 and SPSS Statistics 27.0 were used to analyze the frequency of use of acupoints,meridians,locations,specific acupoints,and the analysis of association rules,factor analysis,and clustering analysis.Results A total of 480 articles and 480 prescriptions were included in the study,containing 90 acupoints,with a total frequency of 2 290 times.The high-frequency acupoints were Xiaguan,Hegu,Jiache,Tinggong and Ashi point;the commonly used meridians were the stomach meridian,large intestine meridian,small intestine meridian,bile meridian,and triple-energizer meridian;the most frequently chosen acupoints were the Jiaohui acupoints,Yuan acupoints and Wushu acupoints;and mostly involved acupoints were located at the head and neck area,the upper limb area and the lower limb area.The association analysis showed that the top five combinations were"Xiaguan-Hegu","Xiaguan-Jiache","Xiaguan-Hegu-Jiache","Xiaguan-Tinggong","Xiaguan-Tinggong-Jiache";clustering analysis showed that five valid clusters were extracted;factor analysis extracted seven valid common factors.Conclusion The core acupoints of acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of TMD is Xiaguan-Hegu-Jiache-Tinggong,and mainly follows the principle of combining proximal and distal acupoints.

Objective:To assess the interobserver and inter-modalities agreement with two non-invasive diagnostic modalities of hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk patients: contrast-enhanced ultrasound liver imaging reporting and data system (CEUS LI-RADS) and magnetic resonance imaging liver imaging reporting and data system (MRI LI-RADS).Methods:From August 2017 to August 2019, the CEUS and MRI data of patients at high risk for HCC from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 217 lesions in 173 patients were classified according to CEUS LI-RADS v. 2017 or MRI LI-RADS v. 2018, by 4 blinded independent observers with more than 10 years of experience of CEUS or MRI. Interobserver and inter-modalities agreement was assessed with Cohen′s kappa.Results:The interobserver agreement was moderate and comparable for CEUS/MRI LI-RADS category (κ=0.606/0.603), the inter-modalities agreement was moderate for CEUS and MRI LI-RADS category (κ=0.564), LI-RADS 3, M, 4 and 5 by two imaging methods showed that the Kappa values were 0.739, 0.551, 0.734 and 0.592, respectively.Conclusions:The total inter-modalities agreement between CEUS and MRI LI-RADS categories is moderate, while the agreements of LI-RADS 3, 4 are strong, and LI-RADS M, 5 are moderate.

【Objective】 To compare the clinical effects and screw placement accuracy for treating lumbar disc herniation between robot-assisted minimal invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (RA-MIS-TLIF) and minimal invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). 【Methods】 We retrospectively recruited 69 patients with single segment lumbar disc herniation treated between January 2018 and August 2019 at Honghui Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. There were cases of 33 RA-MIS-TLIF (RA group) and 36 MIS-TLIF (MIS-TLIF group). Subsequently, the patients’ baseline characteristics were collected, including age, gender, body mass index, complication with diabetes, duration of symptoms, operated segment, and follow-up time. We also collected perioperative parameters such as operation time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency, screw placement accuracy, wound drainage, hospitalization duration, postoperative complicatins, and fusion rate. Lower back pain, lower extremity pain visual analogue score (VAS), and lumbar Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores (JOA) were obtained preoperatively, postoperative 3 days/6 months/12 months, and the last follow-up. 【Results】 All the procedures were successfully completed and the follow-up time was 14.82±1.83 (RA group) and 15.11±1.62 (MIS-TLIF group) months, without significant difference (P>0.05). Compared with MIS-TLIF group, RA group had less intraoperative blood loss [(116.67±18.48) min vs. (128.06±22.53) min], fluoroscopy frequency [(12.42±2.28) vs. (15.67±2.46)], screw placement accuracy (93.18% vs. 84.03%), postoperative drainage [(73.03±23.52) mL vs. (88.33±28.54) mL], and shorter hospitalization stay [(6.45±1.52)d vs. (7.69±1.85) d] (all P<0.05). However, operation time did not significantly differ (P>0.05). The VAS of lower back pain and lower extremity pain, and lumbar JOA were significantly improved after the operation (P<0.001). At the same time point, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Meanwhile, fusion rate and incidence of complications did not significantly differ between the two groups (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 Both robot-assisted MIS-TLIF and MIS-TLIF can achieve excellent clinical effects in treating single-segment lumbar disc herniation. However, the former can improve the accuracy of screw placement and reduce intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, postoperative drainage and hospitalization time, which indicates a promising application.