Postoperative ileus is commonly referred to the inhibition of gastrointestinal motility after ab-dominal surgery. Some causes are responsible for the ileus, including postoperative pain and electrolyte im-balances, and manipulations during surgery. Although gastrointestinal motility normalizes spontaneously in most patients, some develop severe to postoperative ileus, which is difficult to treat, with a delayed recovery from surgery, prolonged hospital stay, and increased treatment costs. So, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of postoperative ileus for effective prevention and treatment.

Cholangiocytes are the epithelial cells that line the intrahepatic biliary tree and also the target of cholangiopathies. Despite the heterogeneous etiology ,most of cholangiopathies share the common pathological process which is the imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis of cholangiocytes. The article is a review about the characteristics and mechanism of proliferation and apoptosis of cholangiocytes and their relationship to cholangiopathies.

Endocannabinoid system has several kinds of receptors, all of which have correspondence ligands and pathways of synthesis and degradation, and they belong to G-protein coupled receptors family. Recently studies show that stimulation of cannabinoid receptors has inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal motility and secretion. In this article, we introduce the compositions of the cannabinoid family members, includingtheir receptors, ligands, and antagonists, and their effects on the gastrointestinal motility and secretion. Useful information can be provided for the further study on the effects of endocannabinoid system on gastrointestinal motility and secretion, providing theoretic evidences for clinical use of cannabinoid.

Although we have understood only limited knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute pancreatitis (AP),it has at least been proven that the activation of pancreatic zymogens inside the pancreatic acinar cells,as well as the inflammatory reaction resulting from the inflammatory mediators,including the cytokines and oxygen free radicals,constitute the main reason for the early pathological processes of AP. The inflammatory mediators also facilitate the complications such as lung injury and multiple organ dysfunctions. The bacterial translocation,which aggravates the pathological changes and increases the mortality in AP,causes the pathophysiological vicious circle in the later period of the disease. There is no doubt that the levels of the clinical prevention,diagnosis and treatment for AP will be greatly improved along with the elucidation of its pathogenesis.

Acute necro-hemorrhagic pancreatitis (ANHP) was induced in rats by intra-pancreatic duct injection with a mixed solution of bile salt and trypsin. After 6- to 30-hr of operation the increase of plasma lipidperoxidant (LPO) levels from 4.67 to 20.5 nmol/ml and the fall of plasma amylase levels from 6577 to 2629 U were observed in the rats with ANHP. The values of the plasma LPO at 10-,20-,and 30-hr in the rats with ANHP were significantly higher than those in the control (P

Cannabinoids have been used in clinic for many years.However,their effective mechanisms,especially the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the regulation of intestinal motility are still poorly understood.In this article,we introduced that the compositions of the Cannabinoid family members,including their receptors,analogues,and antagonists,and the effects of them on the gastrointestinal movement.We provide the useful update information for the further clinic and experiment study on the cannabinoid family and the endocannabinoid system.

Acute pancreatitis is one of the common clinical diseases in emergency.The severe acute pancreatitis-associated ascetic fluid is always found in clinic.Its roles related multiple organ dysfunction(MOD)in acute pancreatitis is being understood.In this article，the possible compositions of the ascites，the mechanism of its formation，and its effect on body are recited，in order to better understand the mechanism，the prevention and the treatment of the acute pancreatitis and its compications related MOD.

BACKGROUND:Precision attachment has been widely used in complete denture because of its strong retention, good appearance, comfort and durability. Among them, magnetic attachment and bal-cap attachment are commonly applied for mandibular complete denture.
OBJECTIVE:To compare the clinical effects of magnetic attachment, bal-cap attachment and traditional clasp retainer used in the mandibular removable partial denture.
METHODS:A total of 45 patients with dentition defects were included in this study, they were treated with magnetic attachment, bal-cap attachment and traditional clasp retention of mandibular removable partial denture. Fifteen patients received one means. The satisfaction of patients and the periodontal health of abutments were observed after 3 years.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Comparison of the patient satisfaction showed that, the aesthetics, retention conditions, masticatory function and comfort in magnetic attachment group were significantly better than traditional clasp retention group (P<0.05). The aesthetics and comfort in bal-cap attachment group were also better than traditional clasp retention group (P<0.05). There were significant differences on the retention conditions and comfort between magnetic attachment group and bal-cap attachment group (P<0.05). Gingival index was the highest in magnetic attachment group, then in bal-cap attachment group, and the lowest in traditional clasp retention group (P<0.05). The abutment tooth mobility degree was the lowest in magnetic attachment group, then in bal-cap attachment group, and the highest in traditional clasp retention group (P<0.05). The periodontal pocket depth in magnetic attachment group and bal-cap attachment group was lower than that in traditional clasp retention group (P<0.05). The alveolar bone height was the highest in magnetic attachment group, then in bal-cap attachment group, and the lowest in traditional clasp retention group (P<0.05). Experimental findings indicate that, precision attachment over-denture retention superior to traditional clasp removable partial denture in mandibular denture repairing. Magnetic attachment can provide better retention power and better protect the health of periodontal tissue compared with bal-cap attachment.

Objective To research in correlations between occupational pressure,social support and subjective well-being,in order to explore effective ways to reduce the occupational pressure.Methods Nurses from a certain grade 2A hospital in Wuhan were selected as research objects.Questionnaires were used to investigate the correlations between occupational pressure,social support and subjective well-being.Results Nurses endured a high level burden.The subjective well-being of nurses was negatively correlated with occupational pressure,the higher the occupational pressure,the lower the subjective well-being.The subjective well-being of nurses was positively correlated with social support.The occupational pressure and social support could predict the subjective well-being of nurses.Conclusions There exists potential relationships between occupational pressure,social support and subjective well-being of nurses.This results supports evidence for nursing managers to cultivation and management of nurses,which is helpful to establish effective nursing manage-ment measures.

[Objective]To explore the application value of vascularized fibular graft in the repairment of maxillofacial defects.[Methods] Forty-five patients with maxillofacial defects caused by various reasons were enrolled and treated by vascularized fibular graft.The related disease history,survival situation of blood vessels and tissue flaps of all the patients were recorded.[Results]All the patients were followed up for 3-6 months after surgery.All the patients could eat by mouth and without no obvious obstacle.There was no facial asymmetry,healthy side bite jaws deflection and so on.The maxillofacial appearance and functions almost returned back to normal.Oral panoramic radiography showed that the osseous healing of transplanted fibular and mandibular was good,and there was no bone nonunion,osteonecrosis,titanium plate rejection or fracture happened.Three-dimensional CT scàn revealed that the recovery of mandibular appearance was good.There was 1 case with leg wound drainage and 1 case with cervical wound effusion,which were all healed after the second phase by dressing change and necessary treatment.The rest of the patients were all healed at the first phase.There was no free tissue flap necrosis and calf obvious dysfunction.[Conclusions] Using vascularized fibular graft for the repairment of maxillofacial defects,the maxillofacial appearance and functions of patients almost return to normal after surgery.The surgery can satisfy the requirements of patients on postoperative oral and maxillofacial appearance and function with lower incidence of complications and hig her survival rate of free tissue flap.Therefore,it is worthy of clinical application.