A number of biosimilars will be soon marketing due to the expiration of patent protection of their originators.Unlike classical chemical drugs,biotherapeutics are proteins with large and complex molecules produced by biological high-tech with sophisticated manufactural procedures.This leads to the difficulties of the copy of biosimilars from their originators,and the almost inevitable distinctions between the two products.Thus biosimilars are only similar but not identical to their reference drugs in terms of stracture,action,and safety.It is important for physicians to understand these differences before using biosimilars.Optimal management by a national regulatory authority with rigorous standards is very important in all aspects of authorization of the development,production,marketing,and postmarketing surveillances for biosimilars.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the difficult point about the medical waste management at public region of outpatient service and to improve it.METHODS The form of questionnaire self-designed by the hospital about the medical waste related knowledge knowing rate among outpatients,the propaganda of medical waste related(knowledge) and the setting of special-purpose container for medical waste,was surveyed among 200 outpatients and 20 outpatient service medical personnel.RESULTS The medical waste related knowledge knowing rate was below 10% among outpatients,the medical waste related knowledge received ownself and from medical personnel was 13% and 2.5%,respectively.More than 35% of the medical personnel and 56% outpatients thought the setting of special-purpose container for medical waste was unreasonable.(CONCLUSIONS) The propaganda of medical waste related knowledge must strengthen,and the medical waste related knowledge knowing rate among outpatients must be higher.The improvement medical waste(special)-purpose facility at the public region of(outpatient) service is an important link for standardized management of medical waste.

Objective:To understand the related factors of tic disorders(TD) and early intervention among schoolchildren.Methods:Using stratified-cluster random sampling techniques,4,020 children were selected from 61,836 schoolchildren in Daxing district of Beijing.Totally 4,020 children and their parents were asked to fill in a self-designed questionnaire covering both motor and vocal tics and general information.A three-stage procedure was used:screening,interview and clinical investigation.A total of 3,813 children were investigated successfully.The children who were reported with tic symptoms as well as those who were reported by their teachers or classmates were surveyed according to the TD criteria in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ).Eighty-six TD children were investigated respectively about the related factors of TD,and 86 healthy children matched in age,sex and grade were selected as controls.Telephone interview was carried out to find the doubtful TD cases in family members.Those people identified as having tics underwent a semistructured interview to determine whether they had TD according to DSM-Ⅳ criteria.Related risk factors of TD were investigated according to self-designed formulary medical history sheet. Results:Positive TD inheritance family history(7.0%),abdominal delivery style(36.0%),carbonate drink(10.5%),obesity(14.0%) and psychological stress were risk factors of TD(P<0.05).The multivariate analysis of variance indicated that inheritance family history,delivery style,dwelling environment,carbonate drink,parent-child relation,hobby,underachieve,self-care ability were closely related to the high incidence of TD (P<0.05).Conclusion:The occurrence of tic disorders may be related to multiple interacted factors.Early intervention is most important.

AIM:To investigate the role of Shengmai Powder (Radix Ginseng, Radix Ophiopogonis and Fructus schisandrae) (SMP) in treatmen of hemorrhagic shock in rabbits. METHODS: The concentrations of endothelin (ET), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), ? endorphin (? EP) and nitric oxide (NO), the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in plasma were respectively tested by different biochemical assays in hemorrhagic shock in rabbits. RESULTS: SMP could obviously decrease the ET,TNF,NO level and NOS activity ( P

Objective To analyze the risk factors for traumatic cerebral venous sinus occlusion (CVSO)and to investigate the strategies of early diagnosis of traumatic CVSO. Methods The clinical data of 212 patients with moderate to severe closed traumatic brain injury from January 2012 to December 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors for traumatic CVSO. Results Of the 212 patients with traumatic brain injury, 16.5%(35/212) patients had CVSO. Ten patients had CVSO of thrombotic type (typeⅠ), 16 patients had CVSO of compression type (typeⅡ), and 9 patients had CVSO of mixed type (typeⅢ). Logistic regression analysis showed that skull fracture (OR = 8.141; 95%CI: 3.224-20.840) and epidural hematoma of crossing venous sinus (OR = 3.179; 95%CI: 1.470-7.037) were the risk factors for CVSO, and the former was more significantly correlated with CVSO. Female gender was the risk factor for CVSO typeⅠ(OR =10.425; 95%CI: 1.831-30.053), epidural hematoma of crossing venous sinus was the risk factor for CVSO typeⅡ(OR = 5.766; 95%CI: 1.885-18.197), and skull fracture, epidural hematoma of crossing venous sinus, and the previous history of vein thrombosis was the risk factors for CVSO type Ⅲ(OR =18.005, 4.596, 11.394; 95%CI: 2.021-58.836, 1.144-19.525, 1.436-46.558). Conclusions In the early diagnosis of traumatic CVSO, the crossing venous sinus fracture line and epidural hematoma should be given attention. Attention should be paid to the history of venous thrombosis. MR venography and CT venography contributes to early diagnosis of CVSO.

The abnormal expression (level and status) of the key molecular targets of tumors is related to molecular targeted therapy response, effect, and prognosis. Therefore, the expression level and status of key molecular targets of tumors must be accurately evalu-ated, regardless of the status before, during, and after receiving targeted therapy. Molecular imaging is a non-invasive method used for qualitative and quantitative research on key molecular targets of tumor in vivo and in real-time. This technique is also employed to screen treatment beneficiaries, guide therapy, and evaluate prognosis. This paper reviews the application progress of molecular imag-ing using various probes in cancer targeted therapy. The clinical value of molecular imaging in tumor targeted therapy is further ana-lyzed to promote the development of novel targeted therapy for tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the curative effect of CI in children with GJB2-associated NSSNHL. METHOD: The evaluations of curative effect with CI include auditory threshold, IT-MAIS/MAIS, CAP, SIR. MESP. The outcomes of 40 cases with GJB2-associated NSSNHI, were compared 80 patients with negative results of screening of gene mutation (control group). RESULT: In comparison with control group the auditory threshold in children with GJB2-associated NSSNIL is better, however had no significant difference in other tests (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION CI could he performed on children with GJB2-associated NSSNHL. Postoperative outcomes of hearing and speech were satisfied.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cochlear Implantation ; Connexin 26 ; Connexins ; genetics ; Female ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; genetics ; surgery ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mutation ; Treatment Outcome

Non-governmental organizations ( NGOs) are playing an increasingly significant role in global health governance. This study selected ten key NGOs that play an important role in global health affairs and summarized the tools employed by NGOs participating in global health governance, including nine dimensions:“Generating informa-tion and evidence/intelligence”, “Cooperation ( Partnerships )”, “Participation”, “Consultation”, “Transparen-cy”,“Organizational adequacy/system design”, “Formulating policy / strategic direction”, “Responsibility” and“Regulation”. Four types of NGOs including Operational, Supportive, Advocacy and Integrated ones presented com-monness and their priorities in the selection of tools to participate in global health governance. Meanwhile, China should strive to nurture local NGOs, which should pay attention to“Transparency”,“Participation” and“Cooperation ( Partnerships)”.

OBJECTIVE: To study the molecular pathogenesis of SLC26A4 mutations associated with inner ear malformations including large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS), Mondini dysplasia and inner ear malformations but not accompanied with LVAS. METHOD: DNA sample and clinical material were obtained from 14 sporadic LVAS probands, six Mondini dysplasia probands and seven inner ear malformations excluding IVAS probands. SLC26A4 gene mutation was analyzed by direct sequencing for its 20 coding exons. GJB2 gene and also mt12SrRNA were analyzed by direct sequencing. RESULT: In 14 cases of LVAS, two mutations were detected in 12 patients (85.7%, either homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations), and one mutation was found in two patients (14.3%). In six cases of Mondini dysplasia, two mutations were detected in all of patients (100%). No mutation could be found in the seven cases of other inner ear abnormalities not accompanied with LVAS. No pathogenic mutation was detected in all of these 27 probands in GJB2 gene and mt12SrRNA 1555/1494T. CONCLUSION We have shown that LVAS and Mondini dysplasia closely correlate with SLC26A4 gene. No mutation was detected in seven probands of inner ear malformations not accompanied with LVAS. We should study the molecular pathogenesis of this disease in depth.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Connexins ; Ear, Inner ; abnormalities ; Exons ; Female ; Genome ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; genetics ; Mutation ; Sulfate Transporters ; Syndrome ; Vestibular Aqueduct ; abnormalities ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the positive rate of common genetic mutations in Chinese non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss groups with different hearing phenotype. METHOD: One thousand four hundred and forty-eight subjects with hearing test results received at least one of three genetic testings including: mutations in coding region of GJB2 and SLC26A4 with sequencing analysis and mitochondrial DNA C1494T/A1555G with microarray detection. Of 1448 subjects, 1333 have bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, 65 have unilateral hearing loss and 50 have normal hearing threshold even though they have high frequency hearing loss or family history. The informed consent of each subject was achieved. RESULT: Mutation positive rate of GJB2, SLC26A4 and mtDNA C1494T/ A1555G of 1448 subjects were 19.23%, 27.55%, 0.1% and 1.72% respectively. The positive rate of GJB2 and SLC26A4 mutations in bilateral hearing loss group (20.22%, 29.17%) was statistically significantly higher than unilateral group (0, 0) (P < 0.01). In bilateral hearing loss group, the positive rate of GJB2 mutations was highest in the profound group (24.67%), and then severe (22.33%), moderate (14.33%) and mild group (6.58%) (P < 0.01). The positive rate of SLC26A4 mutations was highest in the severe group (48.67%), and then profound (28.42%), moderate (21.16%) and mild (8.93%) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The positive rate of GJB2 and SLC26A4 mutations is high in the groups with bilateral profound and severe sensorineural hearing loss, whose genetic testing should be put emphasis on. However, the genetic testing should be performed in patients with mild to moderate hearing impairment as well if necessary.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Audiometry ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Connexin 26 ; Connexins ; genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; Female ; Hearing Loss ; genetics ; Hearing Loss, Bilateral ; genetics ; Hearing Loss, High-Frequency ; genetics ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; genetics ; Hearing Loss, Unilateral ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Sulfate Transporters ; Young Adult