For adapting the demands of modern society to medical talents,we applied problem-based learning pattern to urology practice teaching.By breaking the limits of subjects,we enable students to acquire more knowledge of science and problem-solving skills and self-learning skills in the limited time available.The role of teacher shifts from imparting knowledge to leaders.

Objective To investigate the result of colonoscopic positioning in laparoscopic treatment of colon tumors . Methods A retrospective analysis was made in 16 cases of colon tumors treated with laparoscopic colon resection from January 2014 to November 2015.During the operation, the lesion could not be locatized and the resection range could not be determinated because the serous layer was not involved or the lesion was located in the lateral abdominal wall .Transanal colonoscopic positioning of the lesion with light transmission method was carried out . Results The pathological changes were found under colonoscopy in all the 16 cases and the laparoscopic resection was successfully completed without conversion to open operation .No missed resection or incorrect resection occurred.The operation time was (112.5 ±31.0) min and the blood loss was (22.8 ±11.2) ml.Among 9 cases of preoperative pathological diagnosis of benign tumors , there were 6 cases of malignant tumors after surgery , including 4 cases of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma , 1 case of moderate to severe atypical hyperplasia with cancerous lesions , and 1 case of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with mucous adenocarcinoma .A total of 15 patients were discharged from hospital at 12-24 days after the operation , whereas 1 patient was dismissed 1 month after the operation due to anastomotic fistula .The 16 patients were followed up for 3 months with no recurrence under colonoscopic examiantion . Conclusions During laparoscopic colon resection , if the tumor can not be locolized , colonoscopic positioning can help prevent missed resection or incorrect resection , which increases the indication and safety of laparoscopic and colonoscopic minimally invasive treatment .It has good clinical application value and deserves further promotion .

Objective To investigate the risk factors of postoperative infectious complications (PIC) after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using evidence based medicine to provide a basis for prediction and prevention of PIC.Methods The fixed-effects or random-effects model was performed on studies on risk factors of PIC in HCC patients published from January 1990 to May 2015 by searching the PubMed,Embase,CNKI,VIP and Wanfang Data.Results Fourteen studies involving HCC 5 841 patients were included in this meta-analysis.The level of serum albumin was significantly lower in the PIC group than the NPIC group (WMD =-1.80,95％ CI:-2..79 ～-0.80 ; P ＜ 0.05) ; Patients with diabetes mellitus had a higher incidence of PIC than those without diabetes mellitus (OR =1.94,95％ CI:1.27 ～ 2.95 ; P ＜ 0.05) ; Patients with operation time less than 5 h had an decreased incidence of PIC than the other group (OR =0.31,95 ％ CI:0.22 ～ 0.45 ; P ＜ 0.05).Patients with blood loss less than 2 000 ml had a lower incidence of PIC than the other group (OR =0.30,95％ CI:0.19 ～ 0.48 ; P ＜ 0.05).Patients with blood transfusion had a higher incidence of PIC than those without transfusion (OR =2.83,95％ CI:2.04 ～ 3.93 ; P ＜ 0.05).Patients with postoperative bile leakage had a higher incidence of PIC than those without bile leakage (OR =3.79,95％ CI:2.06 ～ 6.96; P ＜ 0.05).Patients after primary hepatectomy had a higher incidence of PIC than those after repeat hepatectomy,but there was no significant difference between the two groups (OR =1.52,95％ CI:0.99 ～ 2.33 ; P =0.05).Patients with tumor diameter less than 5 cm had a higher incidence of PIC than the other group,but there was no significant difference between the two groups (OR=1.09,95％CI:0.76 ～1.56; P＞0.05).Conclusion A low level of serum albumin,diabetes mellitus,operation time more than 5 h,blood loss more than 2 000 ml,blood transfusion,bile leakage were risk factors for the development of PIC.

Objective To observe the clinical effects of phosphocreatine treatment on left ventricular function and on amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Methods In our department, the 172 elderly patients with chronic heart failure were randomly divided into treatment group and control group (n= 86, each).The control group received routine anti-heart failure treatment. The treatment group received conventional therapy plus creatine phosphate sodium for 4 weeks. The cardiac function was evaluated and the NT-proBNP level was measured in all subjects. Results Four weeks after treatment, the improvements of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) were better in treatment group than in control group (all P＜0.05). The plasma NT-proBNP level decreased significantly in treatment group as compared with control group [before treatment: (956.4 ± 644.2) pmol/L and (973.6 ±639.8) pmol/L; after treatment: (414. 5 ± 163.8 ) pmol/L and ( 719.3 ± 477. 5 ) pmol/L, all P＜0. 05]. Conclusions Phosphocreatine could improve left ventricular function and decrease plasma NT-proBNP level in elderly patients with chronic heart failure.

Objective To explore the efficacy and prognostic factors of postoperative intensity?modulated radiotherapy ( IMRT) with or without chemotherapy in rectal cancer. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 218 patients with rectal cancer, who underwent postoperative IMRT in our hospital from January 2009 to December 2013. The Kaplan?Meier method was used to calculate survival rate;the log?rank test was used for survival difference analysis and univariate prognostic analysis;the Cox regression model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis. Results The follow?up rate was 97. 7%. The 1?and 3?year overall survival rates were 90. 8% and 75. 2%, respectively, the 1?and 3?year disease?free survival rates were 85. 3% and 70. 5%, respectively, and the 1?and 3?year locoregional recurrence?free survival rates were 96. 7% and 88. 1%, respectively. The incidence of grade 3?4 acute adverse reactions was 28. 4%, mainly manifested as leukopenia ( 13. 8%) and diarrhea ( 11. 0%) . Univariate prognostic analysis showed that preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA) and CA199 levels, maximum tumor diameter, tumor location, degree of differentiation, depth of tumor invasion, number of lymph node metastases, TNM stage, perineural invasion, surgical procedure, total mesorectal excision, preoperative bowel obstruction, and preoperative anemia were the predictors of survival ( P=0. 006, 0. 000, 0. 000, 0. 017, 0. 000, 0. 016, 0. 000,0. 011,0. 001,0. 006,0. 037 and 0. 010) . Multivariate prognostic analysis showed that preoperative CEA level, tumor location, TNM stage, preoperative bowel obstruction, and preoperative anemia were the predictors of survival ( P=0. 000,0. 000,0. 000,0. 001 and 0. 001) . Conclusions Postoperative IMRT with or without chemotherapy is an effective method for rectal cancer with mild adverse reactions and high compliance. Preoperative CEA level, tumor position, TNM stage, preoperative bowel obstruction, and preoperative anemia are independent prognostic factors for the overall survival.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous kyphoplasty(PKP) in treatment of elderly osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures(OVCF).Methods 122 elderly OVCF patients from Oct.2009 to Oct.2013 in Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo Medical Center were selected,and were randomly divided into group A,and group B.There were 61 cases in each group.Group A received percutaneous kyphoplasty(PKP),and group B were treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP).The two groups were observed in terms of pain,activity,vertebral compression rate and Cobb angles after treatment.The two groups were followed up at least for 3 months.The postoperative side effects were recorded and analyzed.Results After the treatment,the two groups significantly improved in VAS score and activity(P ＜ 0.05),but no significant difference was found between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).After the treatment,vertebral compression rate and Cobb angle got better than before in the two groups,but group A recovered more obviously than group B,and the difference had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).The postoperative recurrence rate was 18.03 ％ (11/61) in the observation group and 9.84 ％ (6/61) in the control group,and the difference had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion PKP and PVP can significantly relieve pain,but PKP had better effect than PVP in vertebral body and spinal kyphosis improvement,which is worth of clinical application.

Objective To discuss the Survivin protein expression in different salivary gland tumor.(Methods)This experiment was based on tissue chip technology.Expression of Survivin protein in the salivary gland tumor was analyzed with immunohistochemical methods.Results ① Survivin expression showed significant difference in the salivary gland benign and malignant tumors(P0.05).The gland around the malignant tumor showed diversity compared with malignant tumor(P0.05).Conclusion Survivin expression has correlation with the relay tumor canceration,and the gland around malignant tumor has correlation with occurrence,progress,prognosis in the salivary gland malignant tumor,and it is a reliable marker of earlier period diagnosis and prognosis of the malignant tumor of salivary gland.

This study is to investigate the cytoprotective role of NaNO2 preconditioning against ethanol induced damage in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells. The cells were preconditioned with NaNO2 (0.25 mmol x L(-1)) for 24 hours or 4 weeks, and then exposed to ethanol (200 mmol x L(-1)) for additional 12 h and untreated cells served as control. Both temporal and chronic NaNO2 preconditioning could prevent ethanol elicited cytotoxicity as evidenced by thiazolyl blue (MTT). NaNO2 preconditioning also could inhibit ethanol-induced apoptosis, which was confirmed by FITC-Annexin V/PI flow cytometer and Hoechst 33258 and PI staining. Further, simultaneous NaNO2 preconditioning treatment along with ethanol showed protection against ethanol mediated cellular damage as indicated by significantly decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Western blotting analysis revealed that in ethanol treated cells preconditioned with NaNO2, the HIF-1alpha and Bcl-2 increased obviously, while the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, including Bax, Caspase-9, Caspase-3 decreased. The results showed that low doses of NaNO2 preconditioning resistant to ethanol-induced human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells apoptosis, which mechanism may be related to increased expression of HIF-1alpha in the cells.

AIM: To study the cytoprotective role of NaNO_2 preconditioning against H_2O_2 induced damage in PC12 cells. METHODS: PC12 cells were treated with different concentrations of NaNO_2 for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The viability of the cells was measured by MTT method and cell counting. The apoptotic rate of PC12 was determined by Hoechst 33258 staining to calculate the ratio of the cells between concentrated and broken nucleus in the total cell count. PC12 cells were pretreated with NaNO_2 at concentration of 3 mmol/L for 24 h. The cytoprotective role to the toxicity of H_2O_2 at concentration of 1.1 mmol/L for 6 h was observed by MTT. The cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and staining with Hoechst 33258 and PI. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the changes of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by the method of colorimetry. RESULTS: The dose-response results showed that the effect of NaNO_2 on PC12 cell proliferation was a typical β-shape curve. The maximal stimulatory response was at 24 h, and the concentration of the maximum stimulatory response was 1.4 mmol/L. The maximal stimulation of the concentration-responses was 156% above the control. No observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 6 mmol/L. IC_(50) was 45 mmol/L. When the cells were pretreated by NaNO_2 at concentration of 3 mmol/L for 24 h, and then exposed to H_2O_2 at concentration of 1.1 mmol/L for 6 h, the proliferation rate was increased as compared to the cells treated with H_2O_2 alone. Under the conditions of treating the cells with NaNO_2 at concentration of 3 mmol/L to induce the adaptive response, then exposing the cells to H_2O_2 at concentration of 1.1 mmol/L, the apoptosis rate in non-preconditioning group was 44.9%, the apoptosis rate in preconditioning group was 19.1%, the difference was significant (P<0.05). The cytoprotective effect of NaNO_2 was inhibited by nitric oxide (NO) scavenger ferrohemoglobin. The activities of SOD, CAT and the level of GSH-Px were markedly increased, the content of MDA decreased in preconditioning group. CONCLUSION: Exposure of NaNO_2 at concentration of <6 mmol/L induces hormesis on PC12 cells. Low dose of nitrite plays an important role in cytoprotection by reducing nitrite to NO, indicating that decrease in lipid peroxidation and increase in endogenous antioxidants may play a key role in cytoprotection induced by preconditioning with low dose of NaNO_2 in PC12 cells.