Many studies have proved that the subchondral bone plays an important role in the development of osteoarthritis,and may be the initial factor of the disease,but the exact relationship between articular cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone sclerosis is still unclear.Subchondral bone sclerosis caused by bone remodeling abnormality severely decreases the ability of subchondral bone stress absorption and protective function of articular cartilage,which finally leads to cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis deterioration.Studying the role of subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and developing potential drugs to regulate subchondral bone remodeling will provide a new way of prevention and treatment for osteoarthritis.

Abstract: A new selaginellin derivative named as selaginellin S (1) was isolated from the whole plants of Selaginella pulvinata (Hook. et Grev.) Maxim. (Selaginellaceae), together with a known one (selaginellin M, 2). Compounds 1 and 2 were separated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments, as well as ECD calculations. Compound 1 is a key intermidiant in the biosynthesis pathway of selaginellins. Compound 2 is first reported in this plant.

0.05) in sex,attack frequency,cause of disease,MRI and EEG among 202 patients. The TCM syndrome of weak in spleen and phlegm excess was the main type of child patients,while deficiency in liver and kidney was common in middle-aged and old patients,and they had prominent statistical significance (P 0.05) in sex,attack frequency,cause of disease,MRI and EEG. The weak in spleen and phlegm excess type is common in children,and the deficiency in liver and kidney type is usual in middle-aged and the elderly. Long disease course manifests deficiency or deficiency mixed with excess syndromes,while short course mainly shows excess syndromes. Earlier age of onset manifests deficiency or deficiency mixed with excess syndromes,and onset in youth and middle age often show excess syndromes. Discharge location in temporal lobe is often of wind phlegm type,while discharge location in frontal lobe often belongs to phlegm fire disturbing upper body type. Weak in spleen and phlegm excess type often can be seen in general discharge.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS) is a kind of subcellular pathological state,and associated with many diseases.Recently,the research of ERS on chondrocyte is at the beginning stage,and may be involved in pathogenisis of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) and osteoarthritis(OA).It has been proved that ERS can interfere the differentiation of chondrocyte,decrease the synthesis of abnormal protein,attenuate the injury of cell.But overreaction of ERS can cause chondrocyte apoptosis through an independent pathway without of Fas and NO.There are three signal transmission passages in ERS:ATF-6(activating transcription factor 6)、Ire 1(inositol-requiring 1)and PERK(PKR-like ER kinase).The three protein molecules activate apoptotic genes by TRAF-2(TNF receptor-associated factor 2)and GADD153(growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gene 153),initiate the chondrocyte apoptosis.Therefore,ERS may effect the pathogensis of RA and OA by modulating chondrocyte function and inducing apoptosis,but more research are needed to reveal the mechanism.

[Objective] To evaluate the efficacy and safety of drainage blood autotransfusion after total knee or hip arthroplasty.[Methods]Drainage blood in the first 6 hours postoperation was collected and reinfused using the ContavacTM CBCⅡ system in 30 patients taken total knee or hip arthroplasty.The efficacy was evaluated basing on the amount of the allogenic transfusion,the decreasing of the hemoglobin level and the morphology of the red blood cells in the drainage blood.The safety was evaluated basing on whether the patients had autotransfusion complications including fever,hemolytic reaction,coagulation disorders,pulmonary embolism and systemic infection.[Results]The volumes of total blood drainage,autotransfusion and allogenic transfusion were(946?433)ml,(622?313)ml and(233?348)ml,respectively.The average hemoglobin level of drainage blood was 99.67g/L and no apparente haemolysis happened.However,the hemoglobin level significantly decreased after operation in the peripheral blood.Only one rheumatoid arthritis patient had an abnormal fever during autotransfusion process,no other complication was observed.[Conclusion]Drainage blood in the first 6 hours postoperation is valid blood content.Drainage blood autotransfusion is an effective and safe way to slow down the hemoglobin reduction and reduce allogenic blood transfusion in patients being treated with total knee or hip arthroplasty.

Objective To analyze the relationship between hepatitis B virus gene mutation at site 1896 in precore region and genotypes as well as liver function parameters. Methods The fluorescent quantitative PCR and sequencing method were applied to measuring the relevant indicators in 50 patients with chronic hepatitis B. Results There was significant difference in ALT level between hepatitis B patients with site 1896 mutation and ones with wild-type; and HBV mutation at site 1896 in precore region was unrelated to the genotypes. Conclusion HBV mutation at site 1896 in precore region may be associated with continous viral invasion invasion into hepatocytes.

Objective: To develop a method to determine Astragaloside IV in spray-dry of Radix Astragali by HPLC-ELSD. Methods: ELSD was used to determine directly Astragaloside IV in spray-dry of Radix Astragali on Elite-OSD column, using CH 3CN-H 2O(36∶64) as a mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. The temperature of drift tube for ELSD was 105 ?C and the flow rate of N 2 was 2.84 ml/min. Results: The recovery of the added sample was 91.68% and RSD 1.64%. Soluble amylum was helpful for spray-dry but it can influence was determination of Astragaloside IV. Conclusion: The method is accurate and can be used in the determination of Astragaloside IV in spray-dry of Radix Astragali. Better adjuvant should be found.

Objective To elucidate whether down-regulation of homo sapiens eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (EEF1A2) expression induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells and its possible mechanisms. Methods Two siRNAs targeting human EEF1A2 were synthesized and the siRNA/liposome complexes were transfected into the pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3. RTPCR and Western blot were used to analyze the change of EEF1A2 expression and the apoptosis rate of BxPC-3 cells was studied using Annexin-V/PI assay. To identify the mechanisms involved, the apoptosis associated proteins such as caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, PARP, cytochrome C and Bid were detected by Western blotting. Results Both EEF1A2-targeting siRNAs reduced the EEF1A2expression, and the No. 2 siRNA inhibited EEF1A2 expression to less than 25 % in mRNA and protein levels. Down-regulation of EEF1A2 expression in BxPC-3 cells enhanced cell apoptosis (15.28% ±3.65%) at a greater level than negative siRNA-expressing cells (10. 11% ± 3. 05%) or mock cells (9.41 % ±4.14 %). Furthermore, reduction of EEF1A2 activated the pro-caspase-8, pro-caspase-3,pro-caspase-9,PARP and Bid to their active forms, and increased the expression of cytochrome C.Conclusions These data suggest that EEF1A2 down-regulation could significantly induce apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3, which is likely mediated by the death receptor and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways.

Objective To explore the effect and the possible mechanisms of silent homo sapiens eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 2(EEF1A2)gene on the growth of pancreatic cancer cell in vivo.Methods The pancreatic cancer xenograft models in mice were established.The mice were equally divided into control group,negative control group and EEF1A2 group,which were injected with PBS,negative control siRNA and EEF1A2 siRNA into xenograft tumors respectively.The size and weight of tumors in each group were measured.The expression of EEF1A2 and PCNA in tumor tissue of each group was detected by immunohistochemistry.The cell apoptosis rate in tumor tissue of each group was determined by TUNEL.Results In xenograft nude mice models,since the 17th day of injection,the growth of tumor size in EEF1A2 group was obviously slower than that of negative control group and control group(all P＜0.05).By the end of the treatment,the tumors were cut off and weighted.The weight of tumors in EEF1A2 group(0.27g± 0.06g)were significantly lower than those of control group and negative control group(0.39g± 0.08g and 0.43g± 0.07g,P＜0.05).EEF1A2 mostly expressed in cytoplasm of pancreatic cancer cell.In negative control group and control group,the positive cells distributed densely and the positive rate was(72.58 ± 25.47)％ and (76.75±23.19)％ respectively.The distribution of positive cells in EEF1A2 group was scattered and the positive rate was(34.78±21.36)％,the difference was statisically significant(P＜0.01).The expression of PCNA at protein level in EEF1A2 group was significantly lower those that of control group and negative control group(P＜ 0.01).The result of TUNEL test indicated that the cell apoptosis rate in EEF1A2 group was higher than those of control group and negative control group (P＜0.01).Conclusions The EEF1A2 gene can be effectively silented in vivo,which significantly inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer cell.It may be related with inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion cell apoptosis.

Graphene and its derivatives have unique physical,chemical and biological properties,such as antibacterial property,promoting osteogenesis,increasing the wear resistance of composite materials,etc.It has broad application prospects in biomedicine and tissue engineering.The application and research progress of graphene and its derivatives in orthopedics were introduced,in order to provide theoretical basis for the future clinical and fundamental research.