Flagellum is a slender and wavy protein-attached filament on the surface of certain bacterial cells. It not only plays an important role in the movement and pathogenic ability of bacteria, but also participates in a variety of host immune regulation. Flagellin is a structural protein that forms the main part of flagellar filaments and can be recognized by TLR5 and other receptors in the host cell to induce the body′s immune response. At present, flagellin is widely used in the research of new immune adjuvants due to its immune activation, and its inflammation inhibitory effect also has good prospects against immune pathological damage. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the recent progress on the basic structure and function of flagellin, the host recognition mechanism, and its role in regulating the host immune system.

Objective To study the prognosis of patients with end-stage liver cirrhosis who using controlled cardiac death liver donor in situ liver transplantation. Methods Seven cases of transplants which used liver donated after cardiac death were done in our center. The preoperative and postoperative data were analyzed. The prognosis of these patients was observed. Results Except one recipient died of upper gastrointestinal bleeding at the 9th day after surgery, the remaining 6 patients were followed up for more than 12 months (mean 15.7 months) and the prognosis was satisfactory.Conclusion Patients can get good prognosis after the liver transplants with donated liver after cardiac death which meets the Maastricht Classification type Ⅲ.

Aim To understand the hemostatic effect of a non-polysaccharide fraction of Bletilla striata ( BS-80EE) and to clarify its mechanism of action .Methods The non-polysaccharide fraction ( BS-80 EE ) was prepared by passing the 95%ethanol extract of Bletilla striata through a D101 macroporous resin column elu-ted first with water and then with 80%ethanol.Bleed-ing time ( BT ) and clotting time ( CT ) of heparinized mice were employed as indicators for evaluating the he-mostatic effect of BS-80EE.The mechanism of action was investigated through observing the effect of BS-80 EE on platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate ( ADP) in rats with nephelometry and tes-ting the effect of BS-80EE on the thrombin time(TT), prothrombin time(PT), activated partial thromboplas-tin time(APTT), fibrinogen(FIB), P-selectin(P-S), thrombin-antithrombin complex ( TAT ) , D-dimer ( D-D) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) . Results BS-80 EE significantly shortened the CT and BT( P<0.01 or 0.05 ) of heparin mice in a dose-de-pendent manner; groups of all doses significantly re-duced the rat TT ( P <0.01 or 0.05 ) , and the high-dose group significantly increased the FIB content ( P<0.05); the mid-dose group and high-dose groups of BS-80EE significantly increased the contents of P-S, TAT and PAI-1 , while reduced the D-D production in rats ( P <0.01 ); although dose-dependent reductions of APTT and PT were observed for each treatment-group, no significance was observed .Conclusion BS-80EE possess pronounced hemostatic effect by promo-ting platelet aggregation and coagulation .

Objective To study the dynamic expression and distribution of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1)in diffuse axonal injury (DAI)in rats and to clarify its involvement in the inflammatory reaction after DAI in rats,in order to provide new targets for the clinical treatment of DAI.Methods A DAI model was established using a coronal rotation device and evaluated by HE,Glees-Marsland silver staining,and Mallory phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin staining.Immunohistochemistry,Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression and distribution of HMGB-1 in the cortex of DAI rats at 6 h,1 d,3 d and 7 d.And TUNEL was used to examine the apoptosis of neurons in DAI rats.Results Immunohistochemical results showed that at 6 h and 1 d after DAI,the number of HMGB-1-positive cells decreased,but at 3 and 7 d it began to increase.Western blot also showed that during the early stage after DAI (6 h and 1 d),the level of HMGB-1 protein in the cortex was significantly lower than that in the control group,but at the late stage (3 and 7 d)after DAI it significantly increased compared with that in the control group until 7 d.RT-PCR showed that at 6 h after DAI there was no significant increase in the level of HMGB-1mRNA,but at 1 d there was a slight increase compared with the control group;at 3 and 7 d,it showed an obvious significance.TUNEL staining indicated that the significant neuronal apoptosis appeared as early as 6 h after DAI,and reached the peak at 3 d;it started to decrease at 7 d but still remained at a relatively high level.Conclusion The dynamic expression and distribution of HMGB-1 showed significant changes with the time course after DAI in rats.They decreased at the early stage but increased at the late stage.At the early stage, HMGB-1 is mainly passively released by the necrotic neurons,and at the late stage it may be actively secreted by the active inflammatory cells.HMGB-1 may mediate the post-DAI neural cell apoptosis by inducing the inflammatory reaction.

Carbon monoxide has been proved to be an important signal molecule in body. Transition metal carbonyl compounds are solidified form of carbon monoxide. Numerous studies have shown that Ruthenium carbonyl carbon monoxide releasing molecules have a strong pharmacological activity. In this paper, five Ruthenium (II) carbonyl CORMs 1-5 were synthesized and their toxicology, tissue distribution and interaction with blood endogenous substances were investigated. The results showed CORMs' IC50 to fibroblasts are ranged from 212.9 to 2089.2 micromol x L(-1). Their oral LD50 to mouse is between 800 to 1600 mg x kg(-1). After repeated administration, CORMs 1 and CORMs 5 haven't shown an obvious influence to rats' liver and kidney function, but caused the injury to liver and kidney cells. The in vivo distribution result revealed the majority of CORMs were distributed in blood, liver and kidney, only a small part of CORMs distributed in lung, heart and spleen. They could scarcely cross the blood-brain barrier and distribute to brain. The non-CO ligands in structure have an obvious relevance to their in vivo absorption and distribution. Interestingly, CORMs could enhance the fluorescence of bovine serum albumin, and this enhancement was in direct proportion with the concentration of CORMs. Under different conditions, interaction of CORMs with glutathione got different type of products, one is Ruthenium (II) tricarbonyl complexes, and Ruthenium (II) dicarbonyl complexes.

Objective To summarize our experience of harvesting and using the organs of donors after cardiac death.MethodsForm March 2010 to October 2011,56 potential donors were diagnosed with cardiac death,who conformed to the classification of Maastricht Ⅲ criteria.There were 40 failure cases whose family refused to donate,and one failure case who suffered from serious infection.Finally,the success ratio of donation after cardiac death was 26.8％ (15/56).Twelve livers and 22 kidneys were transplanted into 12 and 20 recipients respectively.ResultsTwelve cases of liver transplantations had acceptable outcomes. The grafts of 4 cases out of 20 cases of kidney transplantations were removed after transplantation,and other recipients had acceptable outcomes.ConclusionCitizens organ donation after cardiac death can expand the number of suitable organs,but we need to strictly control the criteria for potential donors.

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical effects of free musculo-cutaneous flap bridging with contralateral posterior tibial vessel on repair of lower extremity soft tissue defect.

METHODSFrom February 2006 to June 2013, 10 patients with soft tissue defect on lower shank and foot were included. The posterior tibial vessel on healthy lower extremity was chosen as recipient vessel and anastomosed with free latissimus dorsi musculo-cutaneous flap, or free latissimus dorsi musculo-cutaneous flap combined with thoracic-umbilical skin flap or anterolateral femoral musculo-cutaneous flap. The retrograde bridged flap was transposed to repair defect on contralateral lower shank and foot. The wound area ranged from 40 cm x 21 cm to 22 cm x 15 cm, with flap size from 48 cm x 26 cm to 25 cm x 18 cm. Meanwhile the defects on donor sites were covered with skin graft and both lower extremities were fixed with kirschner wires at middle tibia and calcaneus. The kirschner wires were removed at 4 weeks and pedicles were cut off 5-8 weeks postoperatively. Six patients received posterior tibial vessel reanastomosis at the same time of pedicle cutting.

RESULTSAll the 10 flaps survived and 3 patients received thinning of flaps due to excessive thickness. During the follow-up period of 3 months to 2 years follow up, the ambulatory function of injured legs recovered gradually with satisfactory appearance. The reanastomosed posterior tibial vessel on the healthy side was recovered.

CONCLUSIONSAppropriate bridged musculo-cutaneous flaps is suitable for extensive soft tissue defect of lower shank and foot. It is a safe and effective method for limb salvage.

Objective To discuss the diagnostic value of a diagnostic strategy combining D-dimer and aortic dissection detection risk score (ADDRS) for patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods The clinical data of 750 patients with suspected AAD in emergency department of Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University from January 2016 to January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, including medical history, gender, age, chief complaint, physical examination, diagnostic imaging data and D-dimer levels on admission. ADDRS = 0 was defined as low risk group, ADDRS = 1 as medium risk group, ADDRS≤1 as non-high risk group,whereas ADDRS > 1 as high risk group. The clinical characteristics of AAD and non-AAD patients, ADDRS, D-dimer, and the diagnostic ability of D-dimer (the cutoff value of 500 μg/L) for AAD in different risk groups were observed. Results AAD was diagnosed in 79 of 750 (10.53%) patients. Of the 256 (34.13%) patients in low risk group, 5 patients were diagnosed with AAD. The medium risk group had 337 (44.93%) patients, including 44 cases with AAD. The high risk group had 157 (20.93%) patients, including 30 cases with AAD. In AAD patients, the proportion of male and hypertension, the incidence of ADDRS risk markers (including abrupt onset of pain, severe pain intensity, ripping or tearing pain, pulse deficit or systolic blood pressure differential of upper limb, focal neurological deficit, recent aortic manipulation, known thoracic aortic aneurysm) and the D-dimer levels in AAD group were significantly higher than those of non-AAD patients [male: 82.28% (65/79) vs. 59.76% (401/671), hypertension: 81.01% (64/79) vs. 41.43% (278/671), abrupt onset of pain: 78.48% (62/79) vs. 39.94% (268/671), severe pain intensity: 78.48% (62/79) vs. 50.52% (339/671), ripping or tearing pain: 32.91% (26/79) vs. 0.75% (5/671), pulse deficit or systolic blood pressure differential of upper limb: 15.19% (12/79) vs. 0.15% (1/671), focal neurological deficit: 7.59% (6/79) vs. 1.64% (11/671), recent aortic manipulation: 6.33% (5/79) vs. 0.30% (2/671), known thoracic aortic aneurysm: 15.19% (12/79) vs. 0.30% (2/671), D-dimer (μg/L): 1 160 (588, 3 340) vs 135 (56, 478), all P < 0.05], the proportion of diabetics was significantly lower than that of non-AAD patients [7.59% (6/79) vs. 18.78% (126/671), P < 0.05]. The positive predictive values of D-dimer for AAD diagnosis in the low risk group and the non-high-risk groups (including low and medium risk groups) were lower than that in the high risk group (8.62%, 26.32% vs. 40.91%), the negative predictive values of D-dimer were higher in the low risk group and non-high-risk groups than that in the high risk group (100.00%, 99.05% vs. 96.70%), missed diagnosis rates were higher than that in high risk group (0, 0.95%, vs. 3.30%). Conclusion In the high risk group, D-dimer≥500 μg/L is helpful for diagnosis of AAD; and in low risk group or non-high-risk group, D-dimer < 500 μg/L can efficiently and accurately exclude AAD.

Objective:To analyze the law of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment for type 2 diabetic kidney disease (T2DKD) stage Ⅳ based on literature research.Methods:Literature on type 2 diabetic kidney disease stage Ⅳ was retrieved from CNKI, WanFang data, VIP and SinoMed database. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the databases to December 31, 2020. Data screening was conducted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria prior to data entry in Microsoft Office Excel 365. Data mining and statistical analysis were performed by SPSS Statistics 23.0 and SPSS Modeler 18.1.Results:A total of 110 articles with 3 969 T2DKD stage Ⅳ cases, 111 prescriptions and 206 kinds of Chinese materia medica were included. Kidney and spleen were the main location of T2DKD stage Ⅳ. T2DKD stage Ⅳ based on TCM deficiency in nature syndrome was mainly based on qi and yin deficiency, and the most common excess in superficiality syndrome was blood stasis. The prescriptions commonly used included Liuwei Dihuang Decoction, Zhenwu Decoction, Buyang Huanwu Decoction, and Shenqi Dihuang Decoction etc. The classification of medication efficacy with the highest frequency was qi-tonifying herb, followed by blood-activating and stasis-resolving herb. Among them, Astragali Radix was the core Chinese materia medica in the prescription. The results of association rule obtained 54 association rules. Conclusions:The disease characteristics of T2DKD stage Ⅳ is simultaneous occurrence of deficiency and excess syndromes. The deficiency in nature is mainly characterized by deficiency of qi and yin, deficiency of spleen and kidney, deficiency of spleen-kidney yang, and excess in superficiality is mainly characterized by blood stasis, dampness and toxin. Tonifying qi and nourishing yin, activating blood circulation and dredging collaterals are the basic treatment methods, while strengthening spleen and kidney, dampness and detoxification should be emphasized. Astragali Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Poria, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Corni Fructus, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma were the basic Chinese materia medica in this period, which reflects the idea of "treating qi, blood and water together".

Objective To preliminary evaluate the mid-term clinical effect of endovascular repair in treating spontaneous extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection,and to observe the patency of stent.Methods The clinical data and imaging materials of 6 patients with spontaneous extracranial ICA dissection,who were treated with endovascular repair during the period from March 2012 to December 2012,were retrospectively analyzed.The U.S.National Institute of Heahh Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were determined before and after endovascular repair,and the postoperative stent patency condition was assessed,the results were analyzed.Results A total of 6 patients,including 4 males and 2 females with a median age of 50 years old (40.75-54.75 years old),received endovascular repair therapy.The median interval from the onset of disease to accept endovascular treatment was 10 days (one week-3 months).After the implantation of stent,the blood flow in the true lumen returned to normal immediately,although part of the false lumen was still filled with contrast agent.Embolism of retinal artery occurred in one patient during the operation,no death occurred.The median follow-up time was 54.4 months (49.7-57.9 months).The NIHSS score determined at the last follow-up visit was not significantly different from the preoperative one (P=0.102).Imaging reexamination revealed that the false lumen at the ICA stent segment disappeared in all 6 patients,and no obvious in-stent stenotic changes were observed.Conclusion Endovascular therapy of selected symptomatic extracranial carotid artery dissection with bare stents can effectively prevent the recurrence of clinical symptoms and promote ICA remodeling with excellent mid-term patency.