Objective:To develop a scale used to measure smoking-related attitudes in Chinese secondary school students. Methods:Based on literatures published in China and abroad and suggestions by relevant specialists and teachers, we developed a self-administered scale with 16-item used to measure smoking-related attitudes in Chinese secondary school students. Factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity of the scale. The differences of the scores between trying smokers and non-smoker, and males and females were tested for assessing the discriminant validity of the scale. Cronbach's alpha for the total scale and the sub-scales was calculated for evaluating the internal consistency, and the split-half reliability test analysis was also conducted. Moreover, 112 subjects were re-investigated after two weeks of the first survey, and the difference and correlation of scores between the two surveys were tested for assessing the stability of the scale. Results: Factor analysis identified two potential components that could explain 46.2% of the total variance, and the first factor including 9 items was defined as "The opinions to tobacco and smoking-related behaviors", and the second one including 7 items was defined as "The opinions to measures for preventing and controlling smoking". The mean score of the scale in non-smokers was significantly higher than that of the trying smokers, while the mean score in females was significantly higher than that in males. The Cronbach'? coefficient was 0.87 for Factor One, 0.75 for Factor Two, and 0.86 for the general scale, and the coefficient of the split-half reliability was 0.71 for Factor One, 0.59 for Factor Two, and 0.72 for the general scale. By analyzing the data of 112 students who participated in both surveys, we obtained test-retest reliability of factorⅠas 0.72, of factor Ⅱ as 0.44 and of all items as 0.67, and all the correlation coefficients were statistically significant. There were no differences for the scores of the scale between the two surveys. Conclusion: The results indicated that the smoking-related attitude scale had reasonable validity and reliability,It could provide valuable reference for future similar surveys in China.

Objective To analyze the imaging characteristics of one patient with primary progressive aphasia (PPA).MethodsThe patient was examined with MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) to perform the analyses of perfusion weighted imaging (PWI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and studied the changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF), metabolism, and association fibers of PPA.ResultsThere was frontal lobe and temporal lobe atrophy on general MRI, lower metabolism compared with contralateral on MRS; there were decreased association fibers between Broca domain and other domain, no association fibers between triangular area and Wernicke domain on DTI, mean fraction anisotropism (FA) and fibers of Broca and Wernicke domain decreased compared with healthy adult.ConclusionLeft temporal lobe and frontal lobe are the mainly diseased regions of PPA, and perfusion and metabolism are lower than the contral lobe, and the association fibers between Broca and Wernike domain are less than the control lobe.

Objective To investigate the protection of agmatine on blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and the effect on the expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in ischemic reperfusion injury rats.Methods Sixty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NC),model group and agmatine group,and there were 20 rats in each group.Normal control group was treated with intraperitoneal injection of saline in 2 hours after incision and suture of skin.Model group was treated with intraperitoneal injection of saline in 2 hours after the establishment of middle cerebral artery occulation (MCAO) model.Agmatine group was treated with intraperitoneal injection of agmatine (AGM) in 2 hours after the establishment of MCAO model.The damage of blood brain barrier was detected by measuring the permeability of blood brain barrier.The infarct size of brain was observed with TTC staining.The morphological changes of neurons were observed with electron microscope.The expressions of AQP4 and MMP9 were detected using immunohistochemical method.Results The permeability of BBB of agmatine treatment group (0.31±0.10) decreased significantly compared with the model group (0.46±0.09) (P＜0.05),but was still significantly higher than the normal control group (0.24±0.12) (P＜0.05).There was no infarction area in normal control group and the infarction areas of agmatine group decreased obviously compared with the model group.Compared with model group,the number of neurons with morphological changes reduced significantly and the degree of pathological changes of neurons was obviously improved in agmatine group.Compared with normal control group,the expression of AQP4 and MMP9 in ischemic penumbra of left cerebral hemisphere parietal cortex in the rats of model group and agmatine group increased significantly(P＜0.05).And the expression of AQP4 and MMP9 in model group was significantly higher than that of agmatine group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Agmatine has a protective effect on BBB with ischemia-reperfusion injury due to its down-regulation the expression of AQP-4 and MMP-9.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of serum CEA , CA19-9, CA72-4, CA242, CA50, PGⅠand PGR ( PGⅠ/PGⅡ) in the Diagnosis of preoperative and postoperative gastric cancer.Methods Retrospective study.The levels of CEA , CA19-9, CA72-4, CA242, CA50, PGⅠand PGⅡin serum of 41 patients with gastric cancer preoperative and postoperative and 60 healthy people were detected by AutoLumo A2000 chemiluminescence immunoassay and compared.Statistical analysis was performed using Rank-sum test by SPSS 17.0.Results The median of CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, CA242, CA50, PGI, PGII and PGR in postoperative gastric cancer group were 3.79 ng/ml, 17.85 U/ml, 3.50 U/ml, 14.52 U/ml, 17.62 U/ml, 32.81 ng/ml, 11.48 ng/ml, 3.35.The postoperative gastric cancer group were 1.67 ng/ml, 7.76 U ml, 1.73 U/ml, 6.30 U/ml, 7.57 U/ml, 20.56 ng/ml, 5.71 ng/ml, 2.94.The healthy group were 1.53 ng /ml, 7.59 U/ml, 1.47 U/ml, 6.08 U/ml, 5.68 U/ml, 90.86 ng/ml, 14.85 ng/ml, 6.67.There were statistical differences in the serum levels of CEA , CA19-9, CA72-4, CA242, CA50, PGⅠ, PGⅡand PGR among different groups (chi-squared values were 79.108, 20.678, 20.374, 7.252, 56.73, 131.212, 20.38, 86.37, P<0.05).By the Mann-Whitney rank sum test,the serum levels of CEA , CA19-9, CA72-4, CA242 and CA50 in patients with preoperative gastric cancer were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (Z values were -8.598, -4.425, -4.365, -2.000,-7.420, P<0.05).The level of postoperative group was significantly lower than that of preoperative group (Z value were -4.641, -2.383, -2.459, -2.399, -2.903, P<0.05).The serum PGⅠ, PGⅡand PGR levels in patients with preoperative gastric cancer were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (Z values were -10.309, -2.695, 8.637, P<0.05).The PGⅠlevel in the postoperative group was significantly lower than that in the preoperative group (Z value was -2.109, P<0.05).PGⅡ,PGR levels of postoperative group were lower than those of preoperative group , but the difference were not statistically significant.(Z values were -1.506,-0.838, P values were 0.132,0.402).Conclusion The detection of the seven serum markers can help to preoperative diagnosis and postoperative monitoring of gastric cancer .

Objective To explore the value of clinical application of high intensity focused uitrasound (HIFU)supplementary treatment evaluated and instructed by immediate contrast-enhanced uitrasound for Drimary hepatic carcinoma.Methods Fifty-five cases(68 lesions)of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)were randomized into 2 groups,30 cases(38 lesions)in group A and 25 cases(30 lesions)in group B.Patients of group A were examined by contrast-enhanced ultrasound before and after therapy in 10 minutes.The lesions of incomplete deactivation were treated by HIFU in time.The treatment security and the therapeutic effects were observed by the clinical symptom,serum AFP and imaging appearance.The long-term therapeutic effects were judged by follow-up survival rate.Results Nineteen lesions in group A were found incomplete deactivation and run supplementary treatment in time.No serious complication was identified.The AFP descending rate was 86.7%(26/30)in group A,64.0%(16/25)in group B,respectively(P＜0.05),and the lesions complete necrosis rate was 97.3%(37/38),60.0%(1 8/30),respectively(P＜0.05).Half year survival rate was 100%in group A,90.0%ih grouD B(P＜0.05),and 1 year survival rate was 76.0%,68.0%,respectively(P＜0.05).Conclusions HIFU supplementary treatment evaluated and instructed by immediate contrast-enhanced ultrasound for primary hepatic carcinoma can help to destroy the lesions completely,alleviate the symptom,reduce recurrence,improve life quality,lengthen the lifcrime,and has the better clinical practice value.

Objective To observe any short-term analgesic effect of using heat stimulation at acupoints for treating migraine headaches without aura.Methods Totally 120 migraine patients were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,each of 60.Both groups was given 5mg of Sibelium orally each night for 4 weeks.The observation group additionally received heat and pain stimulation at the Feng Chi,Shuai Gu,Yang Ling Quan,Wai Guan,Tai Yang and Yin Tang acupoints.The heat was in 0.3 s pulses at 54.5° with an inter-pulse interval of 10 s.Each acupuncture point was stimulated 5 times in rotation for a total of 20 min daily for 4 weeks.The frequency of headache attacks,their duration,their intensity rated using a visual analogue scale (VAS),accompanying symptoms and responses to a migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire (MSQ) were recorded before and after the treatment.Results After the treatment there was significantly greater improvement in the observation group compared to the control group in terms of headache frequency,headache duration,VAS ratings,and accompanying symptoms.The observation group also improved significantly more in terms of the average limitation dysfunction score,dysfunction score and emotion score on the MSQ.Moreover,the total effectiveness rate of the observation group (95.0％) was significantly higher than that of the control group (80.0％).During the treatment,no adverse reactions were found in terms of heart rate or blood pressure,and no abnormal manifestations such as infection,redness or swelling were observed at the stimulation sites.Conclusion Heat and pain stimulation at acupoints has a significant short-term analgesic effect on migraine without aura.Such treatment is safe and reliable,with few side effects.It provides a new treatment method for migraine patients and is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Objective To investigate the principles and effects of cancellous bone wrapping grafting for treatment of segmental defects of long bone.Methods From January 2008 to December 2015,50 patients with segmental long bone defect were treated by various wrapping grafting with rich autogenous cancellous bone.They were 31 males and 19 females,aged from 13 to 69 years (average,34.6 years).The cancellous bone was wrapped by titanium mesh in 8 cases,by wire mesh in 10,by line binding in 13,and by induced membrane in 19.The bone defect was located at tibia in 22 cases,at radius in 10,at humerus in 8,at ulna in 7 and at femur in 3.The length of bone defect ranged from 3 to 9 cm,averaging 5.9 em.Bone healing,complications and functionary recovery of adjacent joint were recorded.The bone defect healing and functionary recovery of adjacent joint were evaluated according to the Paley criteria.Results The incisions healed by the first intention in 48 cases and by the second in 2.All were followed up for 12 to 48 months (average,19.1 months).All the bone defects healed by the first intention but one treated by induced membrane wrapping which was healed 15 months later by the secondary grafting due to nonunion at ends.The total clinical healing time ranged from 3 to 16 months (average,6.1 months).The last follow-ups showed that all the affected limbs resumed weight-bearing activities.The healing of bone defects was graded as excellent in all but one in the group of induced membrane wrapping.Totally,the functionary recovery of adjacent joint was excellent in 18,good in 22,fair in 7 and poor in 3 cases (an excellent and good rate of 80.0％).Conclusions Cancellous bone wrapping grafting can avoid or significantly reduce loosening and absorption of cancellous bone graft after traditional bone grafting.Although it is effective for treatment of large segmental bone defect,its methods should vary according to the specific conditions of the patient.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and outcome of transcatheter patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in patients with cryptogenic stroke (CS). Methods: Sixty consecutive patients with cryptogenic stroke who undertook transcatheter PFO closure between May 2015 and September 2017 in Beijing Tiantan Hospital were enrolled in this prospective study.Transcranial Doppler (TCD) bubble test was performed and right-left shunt(RLS) was confirmed in all patients.Closure success rate,effective closure rate, complications, recurrence of ischemic stroke and new onset atrial fibrillation were evaluated. Results: A total of 60 patients (42 male,age range 24-68 (47±11)years) were included in the study.PFO size (motionless state) was (1.6±0.6)mm.RLS before closure was graded and 11 patients had moderate RLS and 48 patients had large RLS (include 41 patients who experienced shower or curtain effect).Closure success rate was 100% (60/60).No severe complications were observed.At 6 months,45 patients completed TCD bubble test.Of these, 4 patients suffered from moderate to large residual and thus effective closure rate was 91%(41/45).The mean follow-up period was 2-29 (median 12) months. During the follow-up, only 1 patient experienced recurrent cerebral infarction.New onset atrial fibrillation was not detected. Conclusion Transcatheter PFO closure is effective,safe and related with a good outcome in reduction of recurrent CS for patients with PFO.