[Objective]To observe the effects of chronic renal failure (CRF)on hearing and investigate its mechanism.[Methods] Twenty-nine male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups:Ⅰthe normal rats as control for 12 days (n=6); Ⅱrats given adenine(ig) for 12 days (n=8); Ⅲthe normal rats as control for 24 days (n=6);Ⅳ rats given adenine(ig) for 24 days(n=9). The rat model of CRF was produced by being perfused of adenine [300mg/kg]for 12d and 24d. Brain-stem auditory evoked potential(BAEP) was utilized to evaluate the auditory function and renal tissue morphology was observed; Serum sampling was used to determine the content of Cr, BuN. The expression of NOSⅡin the cochlear was measured by immunohistochemical technique.[Results] After adenine given for 12d or 24d, the Cr and BuN were in significant higher level than that in control group. The BAEP thresholds were gradually higher than that in control group, the BAEP delitescence prolonged. Light microscopic observation of renal tissue showed that the degree of fibrosis was gradually higher. Data of immune histochemistry about the cochlear tissue showed that the expressions of NOSⅡ were feebly positive in the cochlear vassal texture, inner-outer hairy cell and helical-ganglion cell, and following functional damage of the kidney, their expressions reinforced gradually, amongst which strongest expression was vassal texture, the next helical-ganglion cell, the last inner-outer hairy cell.[Conclusion]CRF can result in deafness. It is likely concerned with toxic effects of the metabolizable substance, the metabolizable dysfunction of the electrolyte, shortage of trace elements, etc. One of the important mechanisms of the effects of CRF on hearing is the toxic damage of NO to cochlea.

On the basis of analyzing traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) pathogenesis character of early hypertension in Macao,to induce the main pathological mechanism of early hypertension is stagnation of phlegm and blood,excess of liver yang.Activiting qi,blood and regulating vessel are general principles of treatment.Dissipating phlegm and promoting blood circulation,repressing hyperactive liver yang and nourishing tendon interrupt early pathological change,moreover,it embodies the TCM theory of ‘early treatmrnt to prevent deterioration’.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test is the base of genetic epidemiology. The new methods for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test involve: X chromosome-linked single nucleotide polymorphism Hardy-Weinberg test, inbreeding coefficient(F) test, an incomplete enumeration algorithm for an exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportions with multiple alleles, and graphical tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium based on the ternary plot. It is necessary to conduct Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test in genetic epidemiology studies and adjust the associations as deviation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs.

Objective:To explore the associations of menopause with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related metabolic disorders (including hypertension,diabetes or higher blood sugar,obesity,dyslipi-demia)in Chinese females aged 45 -59 years .Methods:Data were acquired from a national cross-sectional survey conducted in 201 3,China,which was also the second follow-up survey of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).In the study,4 702 Chinese perimenopausal women aged 45 -59 years were enrolled,including 1 769 premenopausal women and 2 933 postmenopausal women.Information was collected from questionnaires of health status and functioning and physical exa-mination.General liner models were employed to calculate age-adjusted or age-and-body-mass-index-adjusted or multiple-factor-adjusted means and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs)of cardiovas-cular risk factors (CRFs).The comparisons of CVD and its risk factors according to menopausal status, and calculation of adjusted odds ratios (ORs)and their 95%CIs for the associations of menopause with CVD and its risk factors were performed by multivariate Logistic regression models separately.Results:After adjustment for age and other confounders (including body mass index,marriage,education,current smoking,drink alcohol more than once per month),statistically significant associations of menopause with cardiovascular disease,which referred to having a history of heart disease or stroke in this study, were observed in the participants (OR =1 .34,95% CI:1 .04 -1 .74);prevalence of hypertension (OR =1 .42,95%CI:1 .1 0 -1 .84),prevalence of CRFs clustering number≥2 (OR =1 .31 ,95%CI:1 .02 -1 .68)and average waist circumference level (87.1 1 cm,95%CI:86.81 -87.42 cm in post-menopausal group vs.86.41 cm,95%CI:85.99 -86.84 cm in premenopausal group)were presented higher in postmenopausal group,compared with the premenopausal one.However,diabetes or higher blood sugar (OR =0.96,95%CI:0.60 -1 .52),dyslipidemia (OR =0.84,95%CI:0.59 -1 .20) and obesity (OR =1 .06,95%CI:0.86 -1 .32)were not shown significantly statistically related to me-nopause,after excluding effect of age and other confounders.Conclusion:Postmenopausal women in China had worse CRFs profile than the premenopausal ones,which implied menopause might aggravate the CRFs epidemic and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease beyond effects of aging,which would increase the CVD burden during and after their middle ages.

OBJECTIVE To study the usage of antibiotics in aseptic operation,and strengthen the management of antibiotics usage. METHODS We investgated the usage of antibiotics in aseptic operation retrospectively,then statistically analyzed. RESULTS Among all the 347 cases,343 cases were used for prophylaxis,the usage rate was 98.85%.The mean time of antibiotic therapy was 7.22 days.90.96% of the patients were treated with antibiotics for 3 days or more,53.35% of the patients were treated beyond 7 days.Ninety one patients were given antibiotics 0.5-2 hours before the operation(26.53%).There were 7 kinds of drugs used in the operation,the cephalosporin class accounted for 70.26%,moreover was third generation cephalosporin. CONCLUSIONS The prophylactic application of antibiotics in the aseptic surgery has some unreasonable phenomenon and must be strengthened.Training the doctor to use the antibiotics reasonably,and the effective surveillance management mechanism be established.

Object To study the condition of Wenpi Decoction (WPD) with being decocted first and later added medicinal materials. Methods Contents of aconitine and free anthraquinone in WPD were determined by HPCE. Results Aconitine could reach the safe limit after Radix Aconiti Preparata being decocted 30 min first and the content of free anthraquinone was the highest after Radix et Rhizomea Rhei being decocted 10 min later. Conclusion Radix Aconiti Preparata should be decocted first and Radix et Rhizomea Rhei should be decocted later in WPD.

Radiotherapy is an effective mean of treatment of gastric cancer. Combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in gastric cancer preoperative, postoperative and palliatie treatments can increase the local control rate and the survival rate of gastric cancer patients. With the development of three-dimensional conformal and intensity modulated radiotherapy, the radiotherapy is being more extensively applied in the comprehensive treatment of gastric cancer.

Objective Through the effect comprison of analgesic calm and side-effect on postoperative analgesia under different concentration dexmedetomidine with butorphanol,to research the best concentration of dexmedetomidine on postoperative analgesia.Methods Ninety patients with lower abdominal surgery with general anesthesia,ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade,were divided into 3 groups by random digits table:group A,group B and group C,each group with 30 cases.The group A received 0.2 μg/ (kg·h) dexmedetomidine.The group B received 0.3 μg/ (kg ·h) dexmedetomidine,both added 0.15 mg/kg butorphanol and 8 mg ondansetron.The group C only received 0.15 mg/kg butorphanol and 8 mg ondansetron.Applied patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pump continuous infusion gave total 100 ml,background infusion 2 ml/h,patient controlled analgesia (PCA) 2 ml,lock time 30 min,analgesia was continued 48 h.Below were recorded at 2,6,12,24 and 48 h after the beginning of PCIA:analgesia VAS score,ramsay sedation scale (RSS),adverse reaction.The total number of button pressing of PCA and the consumption of patient controlled liqnid analgesia (PCLA) solution were also recorded.Results There was no statistically significant difference in VAS score after each time point between group A and group B (P＞ 0.05).The VAS scores after each time point in group A and group B were significantly lower than those in group C [(2.7 ±0.8),(2.6 ± 0.8) scores vs.(3.2 ± 0.9) scores; (1.8 ± 0.6),(1.7 ± 0.6) scores vs.(2.5 ± 0.6) scores; (1.0 ±0.6),(0.9 ±0.7) scores vs.(1.8 ±0.6) scores; (1.0 ±0.5),(0.8 ±0.5) scores vs.(1.4 ±0.5) scores; (0.7 ±0.5),(0.7 ±0.4) scores vs.(1.0 ±0.5) scores,P ＜0.05].There was no statistically significant difference in RSS score among 3 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The RSS scores after 6,12,24 and 48 h in group A and group B were significantly higher than those in group C [(2.6 ±0.5),(3.5 ±0.6) scores vs.(2.0 ±0.3) scores; (2.9 ± 0.6),(3.8 ± 1.2) scores vs.(2.4 ± 0.3) scores; (2.8 ± 0.7),(3.9 ± 0.7) scores vs.(2.5 ± 0.4)scores; (2.8 ± 0.6),(3.9 ± 0.6) scores vs.(2.5 ± 0.5) scores,P ＜ 0.05],group A was significantly higher than those in group B (P＜ 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in rate of hypoxemia among 3 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The rates of nausea and vomit,deliration in group A and group B were significantly lower than those in group C [3.3％(1/30),0 vs.10.0％(3/30) ;0,0 vs.10.0％(3/30),P＜ 0.05].The rates of hypotension and bradycardia in group B were significantly lower than those in group A and group C[16.7％ (5/30) vs.3.3％(1/30),0;20.0％(6/30) vs.3.3％(1/30),0,P＜ 0.05].The total number of button pressing of PCA 24 h and the consumption of PCLA solution in group C were significantly higher than those in group A and group B [(13.9 ±2.4) times vs.(9.7 ±2.2),(7.4 ± 1.5) times; (60.9 ± 1.8) ml vs.(54.5 ± 1.2),(50.7 ± 0.7) ml,P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion Concentration 0.2 μ g/(kg· h) dexmedetomidine with butorphanol has better effects on postoperative analgesia and calm,less side-effect.

The incidence of venous thromboembolism(VTE) including deep venous thrombosis(DVT) and pulmonary embolism(PE) increases exponentially with age. Age is an independent risk factor, acute and chronic diseases and factors affecting blood coagulation and anticoagulation equilibrium are also associated with VTE. Homocysteine may be an independent risk factor for occlusive vascular disease. The author summarized the risk factor, mechanism of action, diagnosis and therapy of VTE.

Objective: To select the optimum alcohol concentration of Shangtong Tincture. Methods: The percutaneous absorption test was performed on excised rats skin in improved Franz diffusion cell. The penetrative amount of paeonol was determined quantitatively by HPLC and the content of paeonol as a marker. Results: The penetrative amount of paeonol of Shangtong Tincture with 60%～80% alcohol concentration have a optimal value, the average rate is 0.010mg/cm 2?h. Conclusion: Shangtong Tincture with 70% alcohol concentration is the best.