ObjectiveTo investigate the best time interval for replacement of urine collection bags for patients with indwelling catheter. Methods90 patients in brain surgery department with indwelling catheter were randomly divided into group A,B,C,group A replaced urine collection bags every 3 days,group B replaced urine collection bags every 7 days,group C replaced urine collection bags every 14 days.Urine samples were gathered in three groups of patients for bacterial culture on the admission day,the 5th,the 8th,the 11th and the 14th day respectively,and the positive rates of bacterial culture were compared.ResultsThe positive rates of urinary bacterial culture in three groups were not significantly different by statistical analysis. ConclusionsReplacement time of urine collection bags for patients with indwelling catheter may be extended to 14 days,and may be synchronization with the replacement time of urine catheters.This can reduce bacterial ascending infection,decrease nosocomial infection rate,save health care costs,reduce the labor intensity of the nursing staff,improve the social and economic benefits.

Objective To study the effect of autonomic nerve activity on emotion experience.Methods 71 healthy males were asked to see a neutral film STICK and conduct a computer game,then evaluated emotion experience.All participants were recorded skip temperature,skin conduction,heart rate,LF and HF during baseline and game periods.Results (1) There was significant difference in fear experience among high,middle and low synchronous groups (2.64 ± 2.05,2.50 ± 2.01,4.46 ± 2.41; P＜ 0.01),and low synchronous group was significantly higher than high synchronous group (P ＜ 0.01).The main effects of three periods were significant in basis of three response types of autonomic nerve activity(skin conduction:F(2.68) =76.083,P＜0.01; heart rate:F(2.68) =71.692,P ＜ 0.01),and skip temperature,skin conduction and heart rate were no significant difference among three response types.Types and periods had no significant interaction.(2) Different response modes of autonomic nervous system has different distributions in high fear and low fear groups (x2 =9.763,P ＜ 0.01).Skip temperature,skin conduction and heart rate were no significant difference between high fear group and low fear group.Conclusion The modes of autonomic nervous system have an effect on intensity of fear experience,but not the same in skip temperature,skin conduction and heart rate.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of mammography,3.0T MR and the combination for benign and malignant breast lesions.Methods Sixty-one patients with breast lesion proved by postoperative pathology included 47 malignant cases and 14 benign cases.Imaging indexes were recorded and analyzed for all cases,including TIC type,ADC value and whether the Choline peak was detected on MRS.SPSS 17.0 statistical software package was used for analysis.Chisquare test was used for count data and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results The accuracy were 45.9% and 62.3% respectively for mammography or MR as a sole method for the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast disease.When combining the two techniques,the diagnostic accordance rate was 80.3%.The rate based on the combination of mammography and MR were higher than on basis of either kind of examination along, with a statistically significant difference (χ2=4.08,P<0.05).Conclusion MR examination was superior to mammography for the diagnosis value of benign and malignant breast lesions.When combining mammography with MR examination,it could not only obviously improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of breast cancer but also provide the theoretical basis for the early diagnosis and the prognosis.

[Summary] The relationship between the state of cognition and hypertension in 155 type 2 diabetic patients was studied.The results showed that significant difference in the state of cognition was found in patients with or without hypertension,so as to those with poorly or well controlled hypertension (P＜0.05).Systolic blood pressure,pulse pressure,mean arterial blood pressure,and duration of hypertension were negatively correlated with multiple cognitive domains,suggesting that proper control of blood pressure may have a protective effect on cognitive function in type 2 diabetic patients.

Objective To discuss the coping methods of pediatric nurses with adverse psychology and behavior of parents with terminal children. Methods 198 parents who were assessed with adverse psychology and behavior with terminal children were chosen and randomly divided into the observation group(100 cases) and the control group(98 cases). The control group was given conventional care, while in the observation group, nursing intervention of humanistic care and reinforced health education were adopted in addition. The changes of adverse psychology and behavior of the two groups were observed. Χ2 test was used. Results The adverse psychology and behavior in the observation group was reduced significantly than that of the control group after nursing intervention. Conclusions Nursing intervention can effec-tively mitigate the adverse psychology and behavior in parents with terminal children. It plays an active role beth on the terminal children and their parents.

Objective To investigate the effects of galectin-2, galectin-4, galectin-7, galectin-8, and galectin-9 on the apoptosis in HIV-1-infected macrophages and to provide the theoretical and application basis for elimination of HIV-1-infected cellular reservoirs. Methods Firstly, apoptosis of human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells was induced by different concentrations of galectins to determine the suitable concentration of different galetcins. Secondly, monocytes (THP-1) were stimulated to differentiate into macrophages (THP-1-Mφ) with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and then macrophages were prepared and infected with HIV-1. Finally, HIV-1-infected and uninfected macrophages were respectively treated with the suitable concentrations of galectin-2, galectin-4, galectin-7, galectin-8, galectin-9 and then the apoptosis in these macrophages was detected. Results The cell death rate of macrophages without treatment was 4. 39 ± 0. 74% . The cell death rates of macrophages induced by 5 μmol/L galectin-2, 5 μmol/L galectin-4, 7. 5 μmol/L galectin-7, 3 μmol/L galectin-8 and 1 μmol/L galectin-9 were 4. 78 ± 0. 41% , 7. 21 ± 1. 46% , 3. 78 ± 1. 03% , 5. 88 ± 2. 08% , 8. 10 ± 4. 13% , respectively, with no statistically significant defferences among the groups (P＞ 0. 05). The cell death rate of HIV-1-infected macrophages without treatment was 12. 69 ± 1. 16% , and that of HIV-1-infected macrophages induced by 5 μmol/L galectin-2, 5 μmol/L galectin-4, 7. 5 μmol/L galectin-7, 3 μmol/L galectin-8 and 1 μmol/L galectin-9 were 11. 69 ± 0. 90% , 17. 45 ± 1. 30% , 32. 01 ± 1. 30% , 15. 77 ± 1. 21% and 19. 27 ± 2. 13% , respectively. There were significant differences between the control group and galectin-7-treated group (P ＜ 0. 001 ). Conclusions Galectin-7-induces extensive apoptosis in HIV-1-infected macrophages but not in uninfected macrophages.

Objective:To analyze the trends in refractive error and ocular biological parameters in elementary school students over 5 years, and to investigate the patterns of change before and after myopia onset.Methods:A cohort study was adopted.A total of 1 986 first-grade students from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study were enrolled in this cohort study and their right eye data were taken for analysis, including 1 126 boys and 860 girls.Every year, cycloplegic autorefraction was performed with 1% cyclopentolate eyedrops to obtain the spherical equivalent (SE).The axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, mean corneal curvature (Km) and other parameters were obtained by ocular biometry.The lens refractive power (LP) was calculated using the Bennett formula.The subjects were assigned to persistent myopia group, non-myopia group and new onset myopia group.According to the age of myopia onset, the new onset myopia group was subdivided into the 8-, 9-, 10-, 11- and 12-year-old myopia groups to compare the differences in refractive error and ocular bioparameters among groups at different time points of follow-up.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (No.TRECKY2018-030).Written informed consent form was obtained from the guardians of each subject.Results:All children had a gradual SE drift toward myopia and a gradual increase in the AL with age, and there were significant differences in SE and AL between adjacent follow-up ages within the three groups (all at P<0.05).The earlier the onset of myopia, the higher the myopia SE and the longer the AL of the eye at the same follow-up age, the differences in SE between adjacent groups were statistically significant (all at P<0.05), and the differences in AL between adjacent groups at the follow-up age of 8 to 12 years were statistically significant (all at P<0.05).In the nonmyopia group, SE drifted toward emmetropia at a slow and steady rate of (-0.23±0.27)D/year, and AL also increased slowly and steadily at (0.18±0.13)mm/year.In the new onset myopia group, the changes in SE in the third, second, and first years before myopia onset were (-0.32±0.25), (-0.45±0.33), and (-0.98±0.44)D, and the increases in AL were (0.25±0.12), (0.32±0.15), and (0.48±0.19)mm, respectively.Both SE and AL change rates began to accelerate before myopia onset and slowed down after myopia onset, with statistically significant differences in the overall comparison of SE and AL change rates at different time intervals before and after myopia onset (all at P<0.001).The AL at myopia onset in boys was (24.11±0.70)mm, which was longer than (23.60±0.66)mm in girls ( t=159.71, P<0.01).LP decreased with age in all groups, with a faster rate before the age of 9 years and a slower rate after the age of 9 years.The mean decrease rate in LP was (-0.48±0.19), (-0.44±0.20), (-0.49±0.16), (-0.51±0.18), and (-0.48±0.19)D/year in the persistent myopia group and 8~11-year-old myopia group, respectively, which were significantly faster than -0.42±0.17 D/year in 12-year-old myopia group and (0.37±0.15)D/year in nonmyopia group (all at P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in Km among groups at different follow-up ages (all at P>0.05). Conclusions:The AL begins to grow at an accelerated rate 3 years before myopia onset, and the increase rate of the AL slows down after the onset of myopia, but it is still significantly faster than that of non-myopic children.In this process, the decrease in LP plays a compensatory role; there is no significant change in corneal curvature.The AL of males at the onset of myopia is longer than that of females at the same age.AL is an important indicator for the prevention and control of myopia.It is important to consider gender differences and to pay more attention to the growth rate when assessing AL.

Objective: To explore whether long-term potentiation(LTP) induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) of hippocampus is involved in the process of maternal separation(MS) leading to impaired cognitive function of offspring in adolescence. Methods: The newborn CD-1 mice were randomly divided into maternal separation group(MS group) and control group(CON group). Mice in MS group were separated from the mother mice for 3 h every day from postnatal day 4 to 21 while no intervention was taken in the CON group. The spatial learning and memory ability was assessed using Morris water maze at the age of 3 months. Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR were used to detect the levels of BDNF and BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus. LTP of the hippocampal CA3-CA1 neural pathway was recorded using electrophysiological techniques. Results: Compared with CON group, the latency and distance of Morris water maze in maternal separation group were significantly longer(P<0.01). The percentage of time and distance in target quadrant during the memory phase in MS group were obviously lower than those in control group(P<0.05). The results of WB and Real-time quantitative PCR in MS group showed that the levels of BDNF and BDNF mRNA in MS group apparently decreased(P<0.05). Compared with CON group, MS group showed a significantly lower LTP in CA3-CA1 neural pathway(P<0.01). Conclusion The certain intensity of maternal separation can impair learning and memory function in young CD-1 male mice, which may be associated with decreased expression of BDNF and impaired LTP in the hippocampus.

Objective: To investigate the effects of embryonic inflammation on the hippocampal synaptosomal-associated protein 25(SNAP-25) level and cognitive function in middle-aged. Methods: During gestational days 15-17, the CD-1 maternal mice received a daily intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharides(LPS, 50 μg/kg) or the equal volume of normal saline, and the corresponding offspring were regarded as LPS group and CON group respectively. At the age of young(3-month-old) and middle-aged(15-month-old), the spatial learning and memory ability was assessed using Morris water maze(MWM), and the expression of hippocampal SNAP-25 protein was detected by immunohistochemical method and Western blot. Results: Compared with the 3-month CON group, the 15-month CON group had longer swimming distance(P<0.01), lower swimming distance percentage(P<0.01) in the target quadrant, and higher hippocampal subregions(CA1, CA3, DG) SNAP-25 levels(P<0.01). The same results were obtained in 15-month LPS group compared with 15-month CON group in learning and memory phase(P<0.05), and higher hippocampal subregions(CA1, DG) SNAP-25 levels(P<0.01). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subregions SNAP-25 level was positively correlated with the swimming distance, but negatively correlated with the percentage of swimming distance in the target quadrant. Conclusion Embryonic inflammation can accelerate the impairment of spatial learning and memory and the increase of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subregions SNAP-25 protein in middle-aged CD-1 mice, and there may be a correlation between them.