As a novel testing method in clinic,the technology of genetic testing and its application appear prosperous in many areas,such as genetic diagnosis,therapy,prevention and biological pharmacy,etc.With the application of the genetic testing,some related ethical,legal and social problems also emerged.A preliminary study is conducted on the potential ethical problems that appear in genetic testing,such as individual mental burden,family relationship,public pressures,etc.Relevant ethical principles are also put forward,especially the admission criteria of genetic testing to provide a reference for the application and management of genetic testing in our country.

Objective To optimize the extracting process of alkaloid from Nelumbo nucifera leaves by multi-stage countercurrent extraction.Methods The spectrophotometry was used to determine the alkaloids.The extracting process of alkaloid was optimized by L16(44) to observe the effect of extraction time,extraction temperature,solid to liquid ratio,and ethanol concentration,respectively.Results The optimum extraction parameters were extraction time 25 min,extraction temperation 90 ℃,solid to liquid ratio 1∶50,and ethanol concentration 70%.Conclusion The multi-stage countercurrent extraction is used to the extracting process of alkaloid from N.nucifera leaves.

Objective: To investigate the effects of tumor-associated macrophages on the proliferation, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry of Ewing sarcoma cells, and to explore the involved molecular mechanism. Methods: Human monocytic U937 cells were cultured and induced to differentiate into M2-type macrophages in vitro. The expressions of M2-type macrophages-relative cytokines such as CD68, CD163 and CD206 in U937 cells before and after induction were detected by realtime fluorescent quantitative PCR. Ewing sarcoma A673 and SK-ES-1 cells were co-cultured with the induced U937 cells (macrophages). Then the effects of co-culture with macrophages on the proliferation, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry of Ewing sarcoma cells were performed using CCK-8, Transwell chamber invasion and matrigel tubule formation assays, respectively. The expressions of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its downstream phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and cyclin D2 (CCND2) in Ewing sarcoma cells co-cultured with macrophages were detected by Western blotting. Results: The expression levels of CD68, CD163 and CD206 in monocytic U937 cells were significantly up-regulated after induction in vitro (all P < 0.01), suggesting that the human monocytic U937 cells were differentiated into M2-type macrophages. After the M2-type macrophages were co-cultured with Ewing sarcoma A673 and SK-ES-1 cells for 48 h, the proliferation ability of A673 and SK-ES-1 cells increased significantly as compared with the un-co-cultured control group (both P < 0.05), the number of A673 and SK-ES-1 cells passing through matrigel increased significantly as compared with the control group (both P < 0.05), the branches of new vascular in co-cultured groups were more than those in control group (both P < 0.05), and the expression levels of STAT3 and its down-stream p-STAT3, CCND2 and MMP2 proteins were up-regulated in A673 and SK-ES-1 cells (all P < 0.01). Conclusion: Co-culturing with tumor-associated macrophages can induce the proliferation, invasion and vascular mimetic formation of Ewing sarcoma cells, which may be mediated by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway in Ewing sarcoma cells.

Objective: To explore the protective effect and its molecular mechanism of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor (GS-459679) on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Methods: The model of liver injury was established by administration of acetaminophen (APAP) (300 mg/kg, i.p.) on C57BL/6 mice. Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of control group, GS group (GS-459679, 30 mg/kg, i.p.), APAP-induced group, and GS combined with APAP-induced group. For GS combined with APAP-induced group, mice were treated with GS 30 min prior to administration of APAP. After mice were euthanized at 6 h or 12 h, respectively, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were analyzed, and mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were tested. The activity of glutathione (GSH), oxidized GSH (GSSG) and malondialdehyde were quantified. In addition, ASK1, P-ASK1, JNK and P-JNK protein levels were tested in all groups. Results: The ASK1 and P-ASK1 levels were up-regulated in APAP-induced group. Compared to the control group, serum levels of ALT and AST, and mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were increased in APAP-induced group. Meanwhile, the levels of MAD and GSSG, and the ratio of GSSG/GSH were higher and the JNK was activatedin APAP-induced group compared with that in control group. However, compared to APAP-induced group, GS combined with APAP-induced group displayed a decrease of protein expression levels of ASK1, P-ASK1 and P-JNK, a reduction of serum levels of ALT and AST, a decrease in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA levels, and a low ration of GSSG/GSH. Conclusions: GS-459679 treatment effectively down-regulates ASK1 and P-ASK1 expression. Addition of GS-459679 decreases the generation of liver metabolites and inflammatory factors, reduces oxidative stress reaction, inhibits JNK activation, and then protects the responsiveness to APAP-induced liver injury.

OBJECTIVETo purify Rhubarb polysaccharides via micro-filtration and ultra-filtration.

METHODThe technology adopted micro-filtration and tubular membrane with different cut-off molecular weights.

RESULTExperiment results showed that the optimum operating conditions were that the ultra-filtration time controlled around 80 min, the temperature was set the 35-40 degrees C, the operating pressure was 0.08-0.12 MPa, the pH was 6-8, and a sample that of polysaccharide was 0.5 times of original concentration. The recovery ratio of the polysaccharides was 53.7%, the concentration could be condensed to 2.73 times compared with the sample liquid.

CONCLUSIONThe technology was simple and feasible, it can be applied to purify Rhubarb polysaccharides.

Feasibility Studies ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Polysaccharides ; isolation & purification ; Pressure ; Rheum ; chemistry ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Ultrafiltration ; methods

OBJECTIVETo optimize the dynamic extraction process of salvianolic acids.

METHODSalvianolic acids was selected as index. The effects of extraction temperature, granularity, solvent multiple, circle value and extraction time were studied on the process of dynamical extraction. The orthogonal experiment was employed to investigate the influence of different parameters.

RESULTThe optimal extracting method of salvianolic acids was as follows: temperature was 80 degrees C, granularity was 4 mm, circle value was 30 L x h(-1), solvent multiple was 10 times and extraction time was 150 min.

CONCLUSIONBy comparison to static extraction, dynamic extraction can improve the extraction efficiency, reduce the solvent and energy consumption, as well as lower the burden of post-processing.

Benzofurans ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Temperature

【Objective】 To investigate the application of different ureteral length measurement methods in the indwelling of double-J stent. 【Methods】 Clinical data of 260 patients with double-J stent indwelling after ureteroscopic surgery during Jul.2018 and Dec.2020 were prospectively analyzed. The patients were randomly divided into height calculation group, CT measurement group, KUB group and ureteroscopic measurement group. The length of ureter was calculated accordingly and the appropriate length of double-J stent was selected. KUB was performed on the first day after operation and before extubation to determine the position of double-J stent. The patients completed the ureteral stent-related symptom questionnaire (USSQ), urinary symptom score, lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) score, pain score, hematuria score, and quality of life score before and after double-J catheter placement. 【Results】 There were no significant differences in age, gender, height, side of stent and urinary symptom score among the four groups (P>0.05). The average lengths of the ureters measured by the four methods were (21.5±1.0) cm, (21.5±1.8) cm, (23.8±1.3) cm and (21.7±1.8) cm, respectively. There were no significant differences among the height calculation group, CT measurement group and ureteroscope group, but there was significant difference between the three groups and the KUB group. The ideal ureteral stent length indwelling ratio in the ureteroscopic group was 76.9%, which was better than that in the other three groups. Postoperative indwelling time was 7-42 d (mean 29.8 d). The USSQ score of the ureteroscopic group before extubation was (14.1±1.5), which was lower than that of the other three groups (P<0.05). The ureteroscopic group was better than the other three groups in the comparison of frequency and urgency of urination, nocturia, hematuria, quality of life score, and pain score (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Intraoperative ureteroscopic measurement of the ureteral length is a simple and feasible method in guiding the indwelling of double-J stent to reduce ureteral stent related symptoms.