Neurotransmitter release during synaptic transmission is mediated by presynaptic active zone. Multiple protein components at the active zone region interact and coordinate with each other to control and regulate docking, priming and fusion of the synaptic vesicles with presynaptic membrane, and to further maintain the normal transmitter release process. This review will discuss the structure, the formation, and the functional regulation of active zones.

Objective To evaluate the risk factors associated with in-hospital death in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (HIV-TB). Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed in patients admitted to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from November 2004 to May 2009. Fifty-three HIV-TB patients who died during hospitalization were matched with 79 HIV-TB co-infected patients who survived during hospitalization.Clinical, demographic, and radiological characteristics of the two groups were compared by the retrospective case-control study method. Multivariate Logistic stepwise regression analysis was performed to explore the risk factors contributing to death in HIV-TB co-infected patients. Results Among the 459 co-infected patients, 53 (11.5%) cases died during hospitalization and 25 cases died during the first week in hospital. Sixty-four point two percent dead patients (34/53) died from tuberculosis. Several factors were associated with worse prognosis in the death group compared to the survival group, which included body weight≤50 kg (χ2 = 7.50), positive for acid-fast bacilli in sputum smear or culture exam (χ2= 4. 04, 14. 27), drug-resistant/multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (χ2 =9.00,6.39), extra-pulmonary tuberculosis infection (χ2 =6.99), retreated tuberculosis (χ2 = 5. 92), non-standardized anti-tuberculosis treatment (χ2 = 12. 07), extensive pulmonary TB infection (lesions ≥50% of lung fields, χ2 = 20. 21), co-infection with fungi (χ2 =3.46), respiratory failure (χ2 = 4.27), non-pulmonary organ impairment (χ2 = 3.46), HIV infection longer than 5 years (χ2 = 7. 19), non-standardized highly active antiretroviral therary treatment (χ2 =5.16) and CD4+ T lymphocyte count ≤ 200 × 106/L (χ2= 12.99) (all P＜0. 05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that non-standardized anti-TB treatment, extensive pulmonary TB infection, multi-drug resistant TB infection and CD4+ T lymphocyte count ≤ 200 × 106/L were the major risk factors related to in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Non-standardized anti-TB treatment,extensive pulmonary TB infection, multi-drug resistant TB infection and CD4+ T lymphocyte count ≤200 × 106/L are the major risk factors related to in-hospital mortality in the patients co-infected with TB and HIV.

Abnormalities, Multiple ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Actins ; metabolism ; Adolescent ; Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes, Human, Y ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Disorders of Sex Development ; genetics ; pathology ; Humans ; Hypospadias ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Mullerian Ducts ; abnormalities ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Neprilysin ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Receptors, Estrogen ; metabolism ; Receptors, Progesterone ; metabolism ; Syndrome

Adolescent ; CD3 Complex ; blood ; CD4 Antigens ; blood ; CD8 Antigens ; blood ; Child ; Fetal Blood ; immunology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Interleukin-8 ; blood ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; blood ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; analysis

Objective:To search for the optimum formula for the self emulsification of evening primrose oil. Methods: Through solubility experiment, orthogonal screen and drawing phase diagram, taking the degree of emulsifying, the volume of the rest oil and emulsion particle size as parameters,the oil, non ionic surfactant and flux for the optimum formulation were screened. Results: In the formulation of evening primrose oil, taking Tween 85 as the non ionic surfactant and propylene glycol as the co surfactant can get the best effect of emulsifying. Conclusion: The optimum formula for self emulsification of evening primrose oil is evening primrose oil, Tween 85 and propylene glycol,with their proportion being 5∶7∶3.

Through several thousand years’ inheritance and development by Chinese people, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has formed its unique theoretic system, whose efficacy has been widely accepted. However, because TCM theory focuses on the relationships among syndromes, treatment and efficacy, instead of the cause-and-effect relationship explored by modern natural science, the scientificity of TCM has always been questioned. In recent years, because virtual-world clinical research mode and the concept of “big data” were emphasized, increasing researchers began to put their research emphasis on the correlativity between intervening measures of diseases and outcome indicators. This change and the advancement of computer data mining and analysis technology, bring great opportunities for the further development of TCM theory and practice. This article concluded data mining technology used in TCM diagnosis and treatment in recent years, such as clustering analysis, decision tree, Bayesian network, neural network and multi-instance learning, which showed how to apply these methods to reveal rules of TCM diagnosis and treatment from a large number of TCM syndrome data, find knowledge hidden in data, and show TCM effectiveness supported by data.

Objective To investigate the effect of baicalain on high expression of ECM and TGF-?1 in proximal tubular epithelial cells cultured in high glucose concentration. Methods LLC-PK1 cells were divided into six groups: (1)normal glucose group(NG, 5. 5 mmol/L D-glucose), (2)high glucose group(HG, 25 mmol/L D-glucose), (3) HG + PKC inhibitor(10?mol/L chelerythrine chloride), (4)HG + baicalein(50 ?mol/L), (5) HG + baicalein(100 ?mol/L), (6) HG + baicalein (200 ?mol/L) . PKC activity was detected. Expression of ColⅣ, FN and TGF-?1 was examined by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry(ABC) techniques. Results At concentrations of 100 ?mol/L and 200 ?mol/L, baicalein decreased membranous PKC activity in LLC-PK1 cells by 42% and 68% , respectively ( P

Based on the needs of healthcare system reform, Australia has implemented activity based funding(ABF) payment mode nationwide, and established the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority as the specific implementation agency in 2011. The main responsibilities and functions of the ABF payment mode covers pricing of medical services, classification of healthcare services, collection of clinical data and cost accounting of healthcare services. ABF payment mode presents outstanding advantages in promoting the capacity of healthcare service, maintaining fairness of healthcare service supplies and carrying out cooperation across different institutions. These efforts provide important references for China in its top-level design of payment method, pilot project of classification system, medical service items and price dynamic adjustment, informationization and information standardization construction among public hospitals.

Objective To investigate the injury characteristic and the early remedy of the woun-ded in China Wenchuan earthquake. Methods rrhe study involved 1 420 patients from a hospital in City of Deyang during May 12-30,2008. Results There were 1821 injury parts in 1 420 patients.Of all.there were 1 089 patients(76.69%)with single part injury and 331(23.31%)with multiple trau-ma.The injury incidence rate of extremities,body surface and soft tissues was higher than that of the oth-er paris.The incidence rate of single part injury was higher than that of multiple trauma(P＜0.01).The wound flow accounted for 68.80% within 2 days after earthquake,which was more than that in other time (P＜0.01).The patients aged at 19-45 years were more than those at other ages(P＜0.10).Most pa-tients received first remedy 12 hours after earthquake(P＜0.01). Conclusions The speed of remedy is key to disaster rescue.and the gold time for early disaster rescue is within 48 hours after earthquake,when the principle of damage control surgery should be followed.It is necessary,in peace time,to strengthen training of self-care and buddy aid and learning about the knowledge on emergency treatment,as may help save more lives during disaster.

Objective To study multiple cytokine mRNA expressions of bone marrow stromal cells in patients with multiple myeloma(MM),as well as to explore the role of these cytokines in the occurrence and development of MM.Methods Semi-quantitiative RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of IL- 1?,IL-6,SCF,TPO.Results The mRNA expression levels of IL-1? and IL-6 were higher than that of nor- mal controls and other hematological malignancies(P