One case of Klinefelter syndrome with complicated 46,XY/47,XXY/48,XXXXY and metabolic syndrome was reported.

Child, Preschool ; Diagnostic Errors ; Female ; Humans ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal ; diagnosis

The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a serious impact on global public health and the economy. SARS-CoV-2 infiltrates host cells via its surface spike protein, which binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on the host cell membrane. As a result, small molecules targeting spike protein have emerged as a hotspot in anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug research. Activity screening is an important step in seeking small molecule drugs. Therefore, this article aims to review the biological activity evaluation methods of small molecule inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with the goal of laying the foundation for the discovery of new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility of differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into epidermal-like stem cells.

METHODS(1) Human strain of iPSCs were plated on-to trophoblast of inactivated Fb strain of mouse embryos and cultured in complete medium of embryonic stem cells, iPSCs were subcultured by collagenase IV digestion method. The morphology and growth of iPSCs were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope, and the cells were stained with alkaline phosphatase (AKP). iPSCs were cultured in incomplete medium of embryonic stem cells to observe the ability of embryoid body formation. (2) Human iPSCs were inoculated onto 6-well plate covered with human amniotic membrane to culture as induction group. Other iPSCs were cultured on 6-well plate without human amniotic membrane as control group. Morphological changes in iPSCs in two groups were observed. Expressions of integrin beta1 and CK19 of iPSCs in two groups were determined by immunocytochemical staining.

RESULTSHuman iPSCs showed a typical stem cell clone-like growth with a clear boundary, and they proliferated vigorously in complete medium of embryonic stem cells. These cells were AKP-positive. iPSCs formed embryoid body in trophoblast-free and suspension culture conditions. After 4 days of co-culture, stem cell clones were formed on the surface of amniotic membrane in induction group, and part of the cells were integrin beta1 and CK19 positive. Most of the cells died, and no integrin beta1 and CK19 positive cells were found in control group.

CONCLUSIONSHuman iPSCs can be differentiated into epidermal-like stem cells by amniotic membrane induction, and it lays an experimental basis for providing new source of seed cells of skin tissue engineering.

Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Epidermis ; cytology ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; cytology ; Mice

BACKGROUNDDelayed cure had been observed in recurrent cases after index ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF), however, its mechanism and incidence have not been elucidated in detail. This study aims to investigate the impact of different ablation strategies on the incidence of delayed cure and its possible mechanisms after trans-catheter ablation of AF.

METHODSOne hundred and fifty-one consecutive cases with highly symptomatic, drug refractory AF were included in this study [M/F = 109/42, mean age (56.0 +/- 11.2) (18 - 79) years]. Segmental pulmonary vein ablation (SPVA) was performed in 83 patients with the guidance of circular mapping catheter (SPVA Group), circumferential PV linear ablation (CPVA) was carried out in the rest 68 cases under the guidance of 3 dimensional mapping system in conjunction with circular mapping catheter (CPVA Group). Delayed cure was defined as that early recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias (AF, atrial tachycardia, or atrial flutter) after ablation procedure was no longer observed during subsequent follow-up, and stable sinus rhythm was maintained > or = 2 months.

RESULTSEarly recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias was detected in 41 cases from SPVA group and 23 cases from CPVA group, and delayed cure occurred in 21.9% (9/41) of the cases from SPVA group and 47.8% (11/23) of the cases from CPVA group, more delayed cure in later group was observed (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, patients in SPVA group took a longer time to achieve a delayed cure [(27.0 +/- 18.0) days vs (14.0 +/- 8.1) days, P < 0.05], and presented more recurrent episodes [(3.50 +/- 1.08) times a week vs (2.42 +/- 1.11) times a week, P < 0.05]. However, recurrent episodes after index ablation were markedly decreased in cases with delayed cure from both groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSDespite of an early recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias after index ablation of AF, delayed cure occurs in a significant number of patients undergoing either SPVA or CPVA. However, different ablation strategies place different impact on the delayed cure, more delayed cure is obtained with CPVA approach, and the delayed cure occurs earlier with this approach; the average recurrent episodes before delayed cure are also less frequently detected in CPVA group compared with those in SPVA group.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo study the application of tissue granule of oral mucous in plastic surgery.

METHODSTissue granule of oral mucous was placed on glutin sponge and they were used for urethral (12 cases) and vaginal (14 cases) reconstruction in 26 cases.

RESULTSSatisfactory results were achieved in 24 cases. One case of urethral fistula and one case of urethral meatus stricture were happened. The two cases underwent secondary operation.

CONCLUSIONSTissue granule of oral mucous membrane is good supply for repairing mucous defect. It has the advantages of high growth and survival rate, and less shrinkage. It is useful for urethral or vaginal reconstruction which are covered with mucous membrane.

Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Hypospadias ; surgery ; Male ; Mouth Mucosa ; transplantation ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Urethra ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Vagina ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate radionuclide scrotal imaging (RSI) in the diagnosis of varicocele.

METHODSWe performed physical examination (PE) and RSI for 126 patients with infertility for at least 12 months and seminal abnormality, obtained the scrotal blood-pool index (SBPI), observed the reflux in the spermatic vein during RSI, typed and graded varicocele by color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and compared the results of PE and RSI with those of CDFI.

RESULTSThe rates of sensitivity and specificity of RSI in the diagnosis of varicocele (96.5% and 97.1%) were both higher than those of PE (71.7% and 69.1%).

CONCLUSIONSimple, accurate and noninvasive, RSI is an effective method for the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical varicocele.

Adult ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radionuclide Angiography ; methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Scrotum ; blood supply ; diagnostic imaging ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Varicocele ; complications ; diagnosis

BACKGROUNDThe virtual reality (VR) system can provide the neurosurgeon to intuitively interact with and manipulate the three dimensional (3-D) image similarly to manipulate a real object. It was seldom reported that the system was used in diagnosis and treatment of cerebral aneurysms. This study aimed to investigate the application of VR system in diagnosis and therapeutic planning of cerebral aneurysms.

METHODSA total of 24 cases of cerebral aneurysms were enrolled in this study from 2006 to 2008, which diagnosed by 3-D digital subtraction angiography (3D-DSA) or VR-based computed tomography angiographies (CTA). The VR system and 3D-DSA system were used to observe and measure aneurysms and the adjacent vessels. The data of observation and measurements were compared between VR image and 3D-DSA image. All the patients underwent surgical plan and simulated neurosurgical procedures in the VR system.

RESULTSThere were 28 aneurysms detected in VR system and 3D-DSA system. The VR system generated clear and vivid 3-D virtual images which clearly displayed the location and size of the aneurysms and their precise anatomical spatial relations to the parent arteries and skull. The location, size and shape of the aneurysms and their anatomical relationship with the adjacent vessels were similar between 3-D virtual image and 3D-DSA, but the spatial relationship between aneurysms and skull only been displayed by VR system. This VR system also could simulate simple surgical procedures and surgical environments.

CONCLUSIONSThe VR system can provide a highly effective way to provide precise imaging details as same as 3D-DSA system and assist the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms with virtual 3-D data based on CTA. It significantly enhances the chosen therapeutic strategy of cerebral aneurysms.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of sensory neuropeptide substance P combined with epidermal stem cells (ESC) on wound healing and nerve regeneration in diabetic rats.

METHODSESC that had been isolated from SD rats were identified and cultured in vitro, and they were inoculated onto nourishing layer of amniotic membrane to construct amniotic membrane-ESC. Four full-thickness skin wounds were produced on the back of each of 48 diabetic rats. The resulted 192 wounds were randomly divided into ESC + substance P group, ESC group, substance P group, and control group according to the lottery method, with 48 wounds in each group. Wounds in ESC + substance P group and ESC group were transplanted with amniotic membrane-ESC, and those in substance P group and control group were transplanted with amniotic membrane. After transplantation, 250 µL substance P in the concentration of 1 × 10(-7) mol/L was injected around and into the middle of the wounds in ESC + substance P group and substance P group, 2 times a day, and continued for 4 days, while 250 µL PBS solution was injected in the above-mentioned position in ESC group and control group as control, 2 times a day, and continued for 4 days. On post injury day (PID) 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 23, the wound healing rate (with 8 wounds at each time point) was observed and determined, and changes in wound tissue structure were observed with HE staining. On PID 4, 7, and 10, collagen distribution in wound tissue was observed with Masson staining, and type I and type III collagen deposition in wound tissue was respectively observed after immunohistochemical staining. The distribution of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and regeneration of substance P positive nerve fibers in wound tissue were observed with immunohistochemical staining on PID 14 and 23. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and t test.

RESULTS(1) The wound healing rate in ESC + substance P group reached 100.0% on PID 14, which was obviously earlier than that in ESC group, substance P group, and control group, healing was respectively observed on PID 17, 17, and 23. The wound healing quality in ESC + substance P group was better than that in the other three groups as shown by HE staining. (2) On PID 10, collagen that was darkly stained and widely distributed was observed in wound tissue of ESC + substance P group and substance P group, while collagen in the other two groups was lightly stained and narrowly distributed. Deposition quantity of type I collagen gradually increased, and that of type III collagen gradually decreased in the wounds of each group over time. On PID 4, 7, and 10, distribution amount of type I collagen in wound tissue of ESC + substance P group was significantly higher than that in ESC group (with t value respectively 32.72, 118.21, 26.71, P values all below 0.01) and control group (with t value respectively 44.37, 22.76, 30.32, P values all below 0.01), while there was no significance between ESC + substance P group and substance P group. On PID 4, 7, and 10, distribution amount of type III collagen in wound tissue of ESC + substance P group was significantly higher than that in ESC group (with t value respectively 32.27, 28.68, 14.51, P values all below 0.01) and control group (with t value respectively 35.68, 22.52, 22.24, P values all below 0.01). (3) A large amount of PGP 9.5 and regeneration of substance P positive nerve fibers, and some peripheral nerve fibers in deep wound extending to epidermis were observed in wound tissue of ESC + substance P group and substance P group. A small amount of PGP 9.5 and regeneration of substance P positive nerve fibers without peripheral nerve fibers extending to epidermis were observed in deep wound tissue of ESC group and control group. On PID 14, 23, ratios of area of PGP 9.5 positive nerve fiber in the wounds of ESC + substance P group were (3.86 ± 0.25)% and (7.03 ± 0.28)%, and they were significantly higher than those of ESC group [(1.48 ± 0.30)%, (3.01 ± 0.43)%, with t value respectively 23.95, 30.27, P values all below 0.01] and control group [(1.46 ± 0.23)%, (2.84 ± 0.29)%, with t value respectively 27.35, 40.32, P values all below 0.01]. On PID 14, 23, ratios of substance P positive nerve fiber area in the wounds of ESC + substance P group were (2.01 ± 0.14)% and (1.19 ± 0.11)%, which were obviously higher than those of ESC group [(0.85 ± 0.17)%, (1.34 ± 0.21)%, with t value respectively 20.50, 2.60, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01] and control group [(0.74 ± 0.15)%, (1.30 ± 0.17)%, with t value respectively 23.98, 2.41, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01].

CONCLUSIONSJoint application of substance P and ESC can effectively promote healing of wound and nerve regeneration in diabetic rats.

Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; pathology ; Epithelial Cells ; cytology ; Nerve Regeneration ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; Substance P ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Wound Healing