This study was carried out for the evaluation on the sociomedical characteristics of 1,580 cases who had received vasectomy and laparoscopic sterilization at the Busan Family Planning Clinic from January 1978 to December 1978. The results obtained were as follows : 1. In age distribution, the most predominant age group consisted of 30.34 years as 44.7%. In regional distribution, the most predominant region was Youngdo ku in the vasectomy group and Dong Ku in the laparoscopic sterilization group. 2. The educational level showed that the high school graduates(49.2%) in the vasectomy group and the primary school graduates(47.0%) in the laparoscopic sterilization group were the highest each other. 3. The most predominant experienced contraceptive method before accepted permanent sterilization operation was oral pills and non-experienced contraceptive method group was 54.1% of the total. 4. By the span of marital life before accepted permanent sterilization operation, the 5-9years group was the highest. 5. The average number of living children per family was 2.54 in the vasectomy group and 3.0 in the laparoscopic sterilization group. 6. The average frequency of pregnancy per case was 2 in the vasectomy group and 3 in the laparoscopic sterilization group and the most predominant frequency of induced abortion was 1 per case. 7. The most predominant motive of accepting the sterilization operation were family planning education t the reserve forces training in the vasectomy group and at the mother's club in the laparoscopic sterilization group. 8. By the residing status of the cases, rented room was the highest as 69.4%.
Abortion, Induced ; Age Distribution ; Busan* ; Child ; Contraception ; Family Planning Services ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Sex Education ; Sterilization* ; Vasectomy

No abstract available.
Abdominal Pain* ; Vomiting*

During last decade especially after Korea-war a large number of new preparations have been added to our every day practice for this it seems very interesting to know the therapeutic habits of korean ophthalmologist today. As its test case, a questionaire about senile cataract extraction which they usuallyprescribed was circulated, and seventy questionaires were maled out. (1) in the culture from conjuctiva, the large number of ophthalmologist, 72%, do not or can not do because of having no such equipment or of thinking no necessary. (2) in the properative use use of mydriatics, 32% of ophthalmologists used Homatropine of atropine just before operation, and it is very interesting to note that 24% of them used Homatropine the day before operation. (3) in the akinesia, 40% of ophthalmologists ussed Van Lint or modified Van Lint type akinesia, and only 8% of them used O Brien type. (4) in the bridle or stay suture, 80% of them usually used and 20% used sometimes. (5) in the retrobulbar injection 70% of them usually prescribed, and 16% sometimes 20 of them have the experience of intraorbital hemorrhage after such injection. (6) in the corneoscleral suture, 84% of the them used such suture, and majority of them sutured 3 places, 10, 12 and 2 o'clock position and also large number of them used Mc lean type suture. (7) in the corneoscleral incision, 76% of ophthalmologist, used keratome and scissor, and also 16% used Graefes knite, and only 8% of them used Bardparker knife because of only economical reasons. (8) About iridectomy, 60% of them used perpheral button hole iridectomy and 20% used peripheral iridotomy. (9) in the lens extraction, 72% of them used intracapsular extraction including one loop extraction and majority of them used such technique since last several years. (10) After lens extraction, 52% of them injected air in the anterior chamber, and 20% used normal saline. (11) After operation, 32% of ophthalmologists employed steroid therapy and just same percent of ophthalmologists did not employed such therapy because of delayed wound healing. 36% of them gave no answeres. (12) When found binocular cataracts, 60% of them operated both in same time only because of economical reasons, and 40% of them operated seperately, because it gave too much stress to the patient physically or mentaly, and also it is safety.
Anterior Chamber ; Atropine ; Cataract Extraction ; Cataract* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Iridectomy ; Korea* ; Male ; Mydriatics ; Sutures ; Telescopes ; Thinking ; Wound Healing

Acute lung injury is the result of organism autodestruction due to the mediators of inflammation overexpress. Recent studies suggest that GM-CSF correlate with alveolar macrophage function, lung host defense reaction and pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. GM-CSF influences regulation and signal transduction pathway of inflammation and apoptosis. These research progresses was been reviewed.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become an important alternative for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy. Monoclonal antibodies directed against immune checkpoint have shown better results in the application of first- or second-line treatment of NSCLC and for both squamous and non-squamous cell carcinoma patients, especially for those with positive PD-L1 tumor cells. Some comments will be made in present paper about the efficacy, biomarker, combined therapy and the resistant mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

This paper deals with the inhibitory effects of Actinidia chinensis Planch (AC) on the formation of N-nitrosoproline (NPRO). In self-control studies, 15 male rats and 10 healthy men were the subjects. It was found that AC juice inhibited formation of NPRO in vivo in rats (inhibitory rate, 59.6%), and the effect was better than the same amount of a vitamin C (VC) solution (41.8%); and 150g AC fruit containing 75mg VC could completely inhibit the NPRO formation in vivo in men ingesting 300mg NaNO3 and 500mg L-proline, but 75mg VC only partially inhibited.

This paper deals with the inhibitory effect of Actinidia chinensis Planch (AC) juice on the formation of N-nitrosoproline (NPRO) in pregnant rats and women. In 21 Wistar pregnant rats and 27 pregnant women studies, it was found that NPRO formed in vivo might be transferred into the fetus, and AC juice might block it by inhibiting the NPRO formation in vivo. This was the first time to report that N-nitrosamino acid could be transferred into the fetus

Non-small cell lung cancer has a poor prognosis. Many patients who were proved to have none lymph node metastasis still relapse after operation. It may be caused by micrometastases which can′t be detected by conventional pathologic technique. Recently immunocytochemistry and moleculer methods are used to detect micrometastases in the peripheral blood, bone marrow or lymph node near the tumor. But the standard and reliable methods need to be developed and the clinical significance of micrometastases need to be discussed.

Differed from the elderly patients with lung cancer,the younger patients with lung cancer,less than 50 years old,present unique clinical features.Recently,the incidence of lung cancer in young people has shown a rising trend,making the research on this field more valuable.At present,molecular targeted therapy is one of the most popular areas of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC),and researches are focused on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and echinoderm microtubule associated protein like4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK).In addition,the previous researches revealed the differences between the young and elderly patients with lung cancer on molecular genetics and prognosis,so the researches on prognostic factors for young patients with lung cancer are of great clinical significance.The present paper will focus on the aspects of pathogenesis,molecular genetics and prognosis in young patients with lung cancer.

Liver cell dysplasia of Anthony(LCD) is a common association in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)-bearing liver and has been regarded as a premalignant condition with strong linkage to hepatitis B virus infection and cirrhosis. A total of 189 surgically resected livers [HCC(168 cases), cholangiocarcinoma(3 cases), metastatic carcinoma(3 cases), and non-neoplastic lesions(15 cases)] were reviewed to elucidate the nature of LCD by means of light microscopic examination, in situ hybridization method for HBV DNA and expression of proliferatin cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) using immunohistochemical technique. LCD was present in 141 cases(74.6%), and its prevalence rate was independently significant in HCCs with or without cirrhosis than other groups. There was no difference in mean age, although LCD-positive group was younger than its negative counterpart. Association rate of LCD in HCC-cirrhosis group was statistically significant than the non-cirrhotic group, and higher histological grading of LCD was correlated well with wider distribution pattern and clustering. Seropositivity of HBsAg was not correlated with presence of LCD or with histological grading. In situ hybridization techique using HBV DNA probe demonstrated fine granular stainable particles even in LCD cells. Immunohistochemical study for PCNA revealed that the proliferative activity of LCD was lower than that of the cirrhotic cell. With the above results it is concluded that LCD reflects neither a regenerating condition nor a premalignant lesion but suggest a reactive change.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Neoplasm Metastasis