Objective To investigate the influencing factors of stereopsis and ocular position changes before and after intermittent exotropia sur-gery. Methods A total of 70 cases diagnosed with intermittent exotropia(squint angle>15△and<85△)and treated in the Department of Ophthal-mology,the First Hospital of China Medical University from January 2010 to December 2014,were enrolled for the study. Operation methods was designed according to the pre-operative apparent distant strabismus ,and operations should be taken on the non-dominant eyes to lateral rectus re-cession combined with medial rectus shortening or lateral rectus recession. Patients were divided into different groups according to age ,age of exo-tropia onset,the angle of squint. The outcomes included best corrected visual acuity of eyes,refractive status,stereopsis,squint angle position of eye with intermittent exotropia after surgery. Results Compared with preoperative status,the stereopsis symptom was significantly improved after surgery(P<0.05). Stereopsis recovery and orthophoric rate were significantly increased according to the surgery age in children below 9 years old compared with those over 9 years old(P<0.05). Compared with the group of age≤9 years old,the rate of recovery of stereopsis and the rate of or-thophoria were not statistically significant(P>0.05). There was no statistical difference in the recovery rate of stereopsis and the orthostatic rate of eyes between the groups of 45△and more than 45△. Conclusion Intermittent exotropia surgery can effectively improve the stereopsis and eye po-sition,and the outcomes of surgery are related to the age of surgery. The recovery rate of stereopsis is higher in the patients with intermittent exotro-pia during the visual development period. Regardless of the size of the angle of squint ,early surgery is benefit to the recovery of stereopsis.

Objective To explore the effect on effect of combined use of Y27632 (ROCK II inhibitor)and TDZD-8(GSK-3β inhibitor)on axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in neogenetic rats. Methods All the thoracolumbar DRGs of two neogenetic Sprague-Dawley (SD)rats(<5 days)were harvested under the stereopsis raicrostat,and then the DRG neurons were cultured,purified and indentified.Fifteen adult female SD rats were randomly divided into three groups,ie,complete paraplegia group(5 rats),sham operation control group(5 rats)and normal group(5 rats)respectively.The T8-10 spinal cord extracts (SCEs) were harvested in the complete paraplegia group,sham operation control group and normal group respectively at day 7 after spinal cord injury.The experiment was divided into group A(DRG neurons + PBS),group B(DRG neurons + complete paralysis SCE),group C(DRG neurons + complete paralysis SCE + different concentration Y27632),group D(DRG neurons + complete paralysis SCE + different concentration TDZD-8)and group E(DRG neurons + complete paralysis SCE + proper concentration Y27632 and TDZD-8).The average axonal length and expression intensity of Tubulin βⅢ at distal end of neuronal axons were observed after two days of co-culture respectively in intro. Results (1)The average axonal length and expression intensity of Tubulin βⅢ at axon shaft and growth cone in the group B were significantly shorter and weaker than that in the group A,with statistical difference.(2)In the group C,the average axonal length and expression intensity of Tubulln βⅢ at axon shaft and growth cone in 5-10 μmol/L Y27632 treatment groups were more than that in the group B but lower than that in the group A.The average axonal length and expression intensity of Tubuhn βⅢ at axon shaft and growth cone in 20-50 μmol/L Y27632 treatment group were longer and stronger than that in the group A and the group B,especially the group B.Among different concentration Y27632 treatment groups,there was a longest average axonal length and strongest expression intensity of Tubulin βⅢ in 30 μmol/L treatment group.(3) In the group D,there was a longer average axonal length in 0.5-3 μmol/L TDZD-8 treatment group than that in the group A and the group B,with the longeat average axonal length in l μmool/L TDZD-8 treatment group.In 5-25 μmol/L TDZD-8 treatment groups,the average axonal length showed no difference compared with the group B but wns shorter than that in the group A.In all different concentration TDZD-8 treatment groups,the expression intensity of Tubulin βⅢ at axon shaft and growth cone was significantly stronger than that in the groups A and B.(4) In the group E,although the average axonal length was increased in the group E,there was no statisilcal difference compared with the group A,30 μmol/L Y27632 treatment group and l μmol/L TDZD-8treatment group.There was a significantly longer average axonal length in the group E than it in the group B and the expression intensity of Tubulin βⅢ at axon shaft and growth cone was stronger in the group E compared to the group A,30 μmol/L Y27632 treatment group and l μmol/L TDZD-8 treatment group.Conclusion The complete paralysis SCEs obviously inhibits DRG axonal growth,induces axonal retraction and growth cone collapse.High concentration of Y27632 can more obviously promote the axon growth compared with the low concentration,while the low concentration of TDZD-8 can obviously promote the axon growth.Combined use of appropriate concentration of TDZD-8 and Y27632 can promote the axon growth and induce the axons branching,as facilitates the formation of the axon circuit.

Objective To explore the surgical treatment of the primary retroperitoneal tumor (PRT). Methods A retrospective clinical data analysis was made on the 59 cases of PRT who underwent operation. Results 59 cases were diagnosed by operation and pathologic examination.In 41 cases of malignancyt ( 69.49%),complete resection, partial resection, surgical exploration and biopsy were performed on 15 cases (36.6%), 8 cases (19.5%) and 18 case (43.9%) , respectively. The 3- and 5-year survival rates of maligment PRT with total resection were 53.3% and 26.7%,and with partial resection were 19.23% and 7.69% respectively.In 18 cases of benign tumor (30.5%),complete resection, partial resection, surgical exploration and biopsy were performed on 14 cases (77.8%), 3cases (16.7%) and 1case ( 5.6%) , respectively. The 3- and 5-year survival rates of benign PRT with total resection were 92.86% and 85.7%,and with non-completely resection were 75.0% and 50.0%, respectively. Conclusions Operation is the main treatment of PRT. Early diagnosis and radical resection are the keys in improving the prognosis of PRT.

Objective To investigate the role of hippocampal α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in sevoflurane-induced deficit in long-term cognitive function in neonatal rats.Methods Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 7 days,weighing 10-15 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =16each) using a random number table:control group (group C),sevoflurane anesthesia group (group S),sevoflurane anesthesia + α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987 group (group PS),and α7nAChR inhibitor MLA group (group M).In C and S groups,the rats inhaled 30％ oxygen and 3％ sevoflurane for 6 h,respectively.In group PS,PNU282987 (5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally and 24 h later the rats were exposed to 3％ sevoflurane for 6 h.In group M,MLA 3 mg/kg was injected intrappritoneally and 24 h later the rats inhaled 30％ oxygen for 6 h.Eight rats in each group were randomly chosen and sacrificed immediately after oxygen or sevoflurane inhalation.The hippocampus was renoved for determination of the expression of α7nAChR and NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunitscontaining NMDA receptors in the total protein and membrane protein in hippocampal neurons.When the left rats in each group were raised to 2 months,Y-maze test was performed to detect the cognitive function.Results Compared with group C,the expression of α7nAChR and NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was significantly down-regulated,and the percentage of spontaneous alternation was decreased in group S,the expression of NRI and NR2A subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was down-regulated (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the expression of NR2B subunitscontaining NMDA receptors in the membrane protein and percentage of spontaneous alternation in group PS (P ＞ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the expression of NR1 and NR2A subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein (P ＞ 0.05),and the expression of NR2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was down-regulated,and the percentage of spontaneous alternation was decreased in group M (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group S,no significant change was found in the expression of NR1 and NR2A subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein (P ＞ 0.05),and the expression of NR2B subunitscontaining NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was significantly up-regulated,and the percentage of spontaneous alternation was increased in PS group (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the expression of α7nAChR and NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the total protein and the number of entries into each arm in Y-maze test between the four groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which sevoflurane induces deficit in long-term cognitive function may be related to decreased function of hippocampal α7nAChR and inhibition of function of NMDA receptors in neonatal rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane anaesthesiaon the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA ) receptor in the developing hippocampal neurons in neonatal rats .Methods Sixty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats ,aged 7 days ,weighing 10-15 g ,were randomly divided into 2 groups with 32 rats in each group using a random number table:control group (group C ) and sevoflurane anaesthesia group (group S ) . Animals in group C inhaled 30% oxygen for 6 h ,while animals in group S inhaled 3% sevoflurane for 6 h .Y-maze test was performed in the rats at 21 and 28 days after birth to evaluate the memory function .On 7 days after birth (immediately after the end of oxygen inhalation or sevoflurane anesthesia ) ,and 14 ,21 and 28 days after birth ,the expression of 1 ,2A and 2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the total protein and membrane protein in hippocampal neurons was determined by Western blot .The ratio of NMDA receptors in the membrane protein to those in the total protein (m/t ratio ) was calculated .Results Compared with group C ,the percentage of spontaneous alternation was significantly decreased on 21 and 28 days after birth ,the expression of 1 ,2A and 2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the membrane protein was down-regulated on 7-28 days after birth ,and m/t ratio was decreased in group S ( P<0.05) .There was no significant difference in the number of entries into each arm and expression of 1 ,2A and 2B subunits-containing NMDA receptors in the total protein between group C and group S ( P>0.05 ) .Conclusion The mechaism by which sevoflurane anaesthesia induces memory impairment in neonatal rats is related to inhibition of trafficking of NMDA receptors in the developing hippocampal neurons to the cell membrane ,and down-regulation of the number of NMDA receptors in the membrane protein .

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of δ-opioid receptor in remifentanil-induced N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in rat spinal dorsal horn neurons.MethodsMale 14-18 d old Wistar rats weighing 50-60 g were used in this study.The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal choral hydrate 400 mg/kg and sacrificed.Their lumbar segments of spinal cord (L1-S1 ) were immediately removed and sliced.Twenty-four slices were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n =6 each): control group (group C) ; glycine group (group G) ; remifentanil group (group R) and remifentanil + naltrindole(a δ receptor antagon) (group RN).Slices were cultured in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) (group C) or incubated in ACSF containing glycine 0.24 μmol/L (group G) or remifentanil 4 nmol/L (group R) or remifentanil 4 nmol/L+ naltrindole 1 nmol/L (group RN) for 60 min.Whole cell patch clamp technique was used to measure NMDA receptor mEPSCs.ResultsThe amplitude and frequency of mEPSCs were significantly higher in group R than in groups C and RN ( P ＜ 0.01).There were no significant differences in amplitude and frequency of mEPSCs among gorups C,G and RN ( P ＞ 0.05).ConclusionActivation of δ-receptor can enhance NMDA receptor function in spinal dorsal horn neurons in rats which may be the mechanism of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia.

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane anesthesia on the expression of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) in the hippocampal neurons of developing rats.Methods Thirty-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, weighing 10-15 g, were equally and randomly divided into either control group (group C) or sevoflurane anesthesia group (group Sev) using a random number table.Group C inhaled 30％ oxygen for 6 h.Group Sev inhaled 3％ sevoflurane for 6 h.Eight rats in each group were sacrificed immediately after the end of oxygen or sevoflurane inhalation, and the hippocampus was removed for determination of the expression of p-CREB.The rats at ages 2 months underwent Morris water maze test.The rats were then sacrificed, and the hippocampus was removed for determination of the expression of p-CREB by Western blot.Results Compared with group C, the escape latency and swimming distance were significantly prolonged, the frequency of crossing the original platform was decreased, the percentage of the time of staying at the quadrant Ⅱ was decreased, and the expression of p-CREB in hippocampal neurons was down-regulated in group Sev.Conclusion The mechanism of sevoflurane anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity is related to inhibition of p-CREB expression in hippocampal neurons of developing rats.

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane anesthesia on activation of gliocytes in aged rat hippocampi.Methods One hundred and four male Wistar rats,weighing 600-650 g,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =52 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) and sevoflurane group (group S).Group S inhaled 3.6％ sevoflurane for 2 h,and open reduction and internal fixation was performed after tibial fracture was induced.Y-maze test and fear conditioning test were carried out on days 1,3 and 7 after surgery.Six rats of each group were chosen on days 1,3 and 7 after surgery and hippocampi were removed to detect the activation of microglias and astrocytes (by immunofluorescence) and expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (by Western blot).Results Compared with group C,the number of entries into each arm was significantly reduced,the duration of N arm stay was shortened,the percentage of time spent freezing induced by condition and the percentage of time spent freezing induced by context were decreased,and the activation of microglias and astrocytes was increased,and the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α was up-regulated in S groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Sevoflurane-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction may be related to enhanced activation of gliocytes in aged rat hippocampi.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and percutaneous cryosurgery sequential therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Four hundred and twenty patients with unresectable HCC were divided into sequential TACE-cryosurgery sequential (sequential) group (n=290) and cryosurgery alone (cryoalone) group (n = 130). TACE was performed with the routine operation; the percutaneous cryosurgery was conducted 2 to 4 weeks after TACE. The patients were followed up at the first month and once every 2 to 3 month later. Liver ultrasound or both computer tomography and alpha fetal protein were examined during follow-up. Results During a mean follow-up of (42±17) months (range from 24 to 70 months), the local recurrence rate of ablated lesion was 17% for all the patients, 11% and 24% for patients in sequential group and cryoalone groups respectively (P=0. 001). The overall 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-and 5-year survival rate was 72%, 57%, 47%, 39% and 31%, respectively. The 1- and 2-year survival rates (71% and 61 % ) in sequential group were similar to those (73 % and 54 % ) in cryo-alone group (P=0.69 and 0. 147), while the 4- and 5-year survival rates were higher in sequential group (49 % and 39 % ) than those (29 % and 23 % ) in cryo-alone group (P= 0.001). Eighteen patients with large HCC (＞5 cm in diameter) in sequential group survived for more than 5 years while no one in cryo-alone group. Complication rate was 24% in all patients, 21% and 26% for the sequential and cryo-alone groups respectively (P=0. 06). The incidence of hepatic bleeding was higher in cryo-alone group than in sequential group (P=0. 02). Liver crack occurred in two patients of the cryoalone group. Conclusions Pre-cryosurgical TACE increased the cryoablation efficacy and decrease its complications, especially hepatic bleeding. TACE and cryosurgery sequential therapy may be a better treatment for unresectable HCC, especially for large HCC.

Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) during remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in the rats with incisional pain.Methods Thirty-two SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 240-260 g,aged 2-3 months,in which caudal catheters were successfully implanted,were divided into 4 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),incisional pain group (group Ⅰ),remifentanil group (group R),and incisional pain + remifentanil group (group I+R).A 1 cm longitudinal incision was made through skin,fascia and muscle of the plantar aspect of the left hindpaw to establish the model of incisional pain.In group R,remifentanil was intravenously infused for 60 min at a rate of 1.2 μg · kg-1 · min-1.In group Ⅰ,the model of incisional pain was established,and the equal volume of normal saline was intravenously infused for 60 min at the same time.In group I+R,the model of incisional pain was established,and remifentanil was intravenously infused for 60 min at a rate of 1.2 μg · kg-1 · min-1 at the same time.In group C,the equal volume of normal saline was intravenously infused for 60 min.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawl latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before normal saline or remifentanil infusion (To) and 2,6,24 and 48 h after the end of infusion (T1-4).The rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain threshold,and the DRGs of the lumbar segment (L4-6) were removed for determination of the expression of TRPV1 protein and mRNA by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction,respectively.Results Compared with group C,the MWT was significantly decreased,and the TWL was shortened at T1-4,and the expression of TRPV1 protein and mRNA was up-regulated in R,I and I+R groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group R or group I,the MWT was significantly decreased,and the TWL was shortened at T1-4,and the expression of TRPV1 protein and mRNA was up-regulated in group I+R (P＜0.05) Conclusion Up-regulated expression of TRPV1 in DRGs may be involved in the mechanism underlying remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in the rats with incisional pain.