Gut microbiota plays an important role in the maintenance of physiological function and genesis of some gut diseases. Brain-gut axis,as an important link between brain and gastrointestinal tract,is a requisite of gut microbiota stability. The dysfunction of brain-gut axis may lead to intestinal dysbiosis through activation of intestinal immune activity. Conversely,intestinal dysbiosis can influence nervous system development and may cause dysfunction of brain-gut axis,in which vagus nerve and metabolites in serum may be the critical factors. This article reviewed the advances in study on interaction between gut microbiota and brain-gut axis.

[Summary] Considerable efforts have been made to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin ,a potent antihyperglycemic agent now recommended as the first‐line treatment of patients with T2DM. The main effect of this drug is to reducethe hepatic glucose output ,primarily through inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex Ⅰ and then activating AM P‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) ,which provide a generally acceptable mechanism for the action of metformin on hepatic gluconeogenesis. Beyond its effect on glucose metabolism ,metformin has been reported to improve ovarian function of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to reduce the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with T2DM. In addition ,metfomin has also recently been suggested as an adjuvant treatment of cancer. Here we reviewed the progress of mechanism research and clinical application of metformin.

Objective To discuss the effect of somatostain SS on metabolism of free radicals in animal models of osteoarthritis,so to discuss the treatment mechanism of intra- articular injection of somatostatin on osteoarthritis.MethodsForty experimental Japanese big-ear rabbits were randomly divided into four groups:normal control group,blank model group,normal saline group and SS group,n =10 for each group.After modeling,the rats in SS group and normal saline group received intra- articular injection of somatostain and saline respectively on the right knee.Ten weeks after the modeling,we measured the movement of right knee joint in rabbits,the levels of nitric oxide ( NO ) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in serum from the heart blood,and the activity of SOD and the content of MDA in synovial tissue.Results Compared with the blank model group,the movement of the knee joint was significantly increased in SS group,(96.01 ± 1.06)vs (50.21 ± 1.80) (P ＜ 0.01 ).In the blank model group,the levels of NO and HA (μmoL/mL) in serum were ( 111.60 ± 2.76) and ( 309.11 ± 1.89 ),which was significantly decreased in SS group,which was( 80.14 ± 1.67 ) and ( 133.73 ± 2.75 ) ( P1 =0.0049,P2 =0.0052,P ＜ 0.01 ).Compared with the blank model group,the SOD activity was (15.77 ± 2.76) and the MDA in serum nmol/mg prot was( 1.33 ±1.03),while was significantly increased in SS group,(24.74 ± 1.67) ( P ＜ 0.01 ),and the levels of MDA in serum was significantly decreased in the SS group,(0.89 ±1.46) (P＜0.01).Conclusion Intra-articular injection of somatostatin in knee osteoarthritis can improve the oxidative stress,enhance the activity of the knee joint.

For the purpose of diagnosis of sudden manhood death syndrome, immu- nohistochemical study of ANP was performed in right atria of 10 cases of sudden manhood death syndrome (SMDS) and 10 cases of noncardiac death controls with LSAB-method. It was found that the ANP granulus in right atria of SMDS were obviously depleted, compared with that in the control groups. The results showed that depletion of ANP granules in atria plays an important role in the causes of death of SMDS. This experiment also provides a new approach for studying the causes of SMDS.

AIM:To discuss the main clinical characteristics of current drug eruption for reference of prevention and treatment of drug eruption.　METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-three with drug eruption in 1999 were collected, and their clinical characteristics, such as age, main causative drugs and eruption types, etc. were analysed.　RESULTS: The age of current drug eruption increased. Antibiotics was the most common causative drug, while antiinflammatory analgestics, serum and vaccine, traditional Chinese medicine were next to it. Scarlet fever-like or measles-like type was the most common eruption type, while urticaria type, erythema multiforme type and fixed type were next to it.　CONCLUSION: Clinical physicians shoud inquire alergic history of patients thoroughly and avoid unnecessary drugs, so as to decrease the occurrence of drug eruption.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors on re-examination compliance of patients with breast cancer Who were in the stage of recovery.Methods By clinic services and telephones,we investigated the reexamination compliance of 189 cases of breast cancer.Results 66.1% of the cases took periodic re-examinations and on the opposite,33.9% of the patients didn't do so.Statistical meaning could be found from the difference of ages,living sites and survival time limits(P＜0.05).Conclusions The main factors to influence the re-examination compliance of patients with breast cancer are age,living site and survival time limit.And it is possible to improve the re-examination compliance of patients by enhancing health education,raising medicsl levels and service qualities,and creating comfortable environment for patients.

Objective To analyze the efficacy and debase the toxicity of radiotherapy combined with composite Kushen injection in treatment of esophageal carcinoma patients. Methods A total of 126 cases of esophageal cancer were treated by radiotherapy were analysed. All patients were treated with the continuative hyperfractionated radiotherapy. The total dose was 66 ~ 74 Gy/5 ~ 7 wk, 2.2 ~ 2.4 Gy/d of esophageal carcinoma patients. Two groups were given respectively delivered with the same radioactive dosages and methods.But the synthetic group was treated by radiotherapy with composite Kushen injection. composite Kushen injection was given at the dosage of 20 ml with 500 ml of saline infusion for 20 consecutive days. Results X-ray grades of esophageal cancer after radiotherapy. The grade I of X-ray manifestation after radiotherapy for patients in synthetic group was superior to that patient in the radiotherapy alone group. (60.4 % vs 41 %; ?2 =4.57, P

Objective To investigate the change of the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets,before and after treated by infliximab (IFX) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Methods From September 2008 to January 2013,a total of 20 patients with IBD accepted more than three times of IFX treatment and on time follow-up were collected,11 cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) and nine of Crohn's disease (CD).At same time,20 healthy individuals were enrolled as healthy control group.The efficacy of IFX on patients with UC or CD was evaluated according to Mayo score and simplified Crohn's disease active index (CDAI) before and after treatment.Fasting blood of healthy control group,one day before IFX treatment and in 24 to 72 hours after the third time of IFX injection of IBD patients was collected.The percentage of total T lymphocyte,total B lymphocyte,CD4+ T lymphocyte,CD8+ T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell in lymphocyte was determined by fluorescent labeled monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry.Independent sample t-test was performed for comparison between two groups.Analysis of variance was for comparison among three groups.Results Three of 11 patients with UC achieved clinical remission,three cases were clinical improved and five cases were ineffectiveness.Among nine CD patients,one achieved clinical remission,six cases were clinical improved and two cases were ineffectiveness.Of UC patients,the percentage of total T lymphocyte before and after treatment ((84.2±8.1) ％ and (82.1±6.2)％),the percentage of CD8+ T lymphocyte before treatment ((40.0± 13.2)％) were all higher than that of healthy control group ((74.7±10.7)％ and (30.5±11.9) ％),while the percentage of NK cell before and after treatment ((5.1±2.8)％ and (7.8±4.3)％) were all lower than that of healthy control group ((13.7 ±7.8)％) and the differences were statistically significant (t=2.540,2.074,2.251,3.464 and 2.063,all P＜0.05).Compared with healthy controls,there were no significant differences in the percentage of total B lymphocyte and CD4+ T lymphocyte of UC patients before and after treatment,the percentage of total T lymphocyte,total B lymphocyte,CD4+ T lymphocyte,CD8+T lymphocyte and NK cell of CD patients before and after treatment (all P＞0.05).Before treatment,there were significant differences among effective treatment group,ineffective treatment group and healthy control group in the percentage of total T lymphocyte,CD8+ T lymphocyte and NK cell (F=4.095,4.571 and 7.432,all P＜0.05),of those there were significant differences between ineffective treatment group ((88.3 ± 8.2) ％,(44.4 ± 11.5) ％ and (4.6 ± 3.2) ％) and healthy control group (t=2.902,2.105 and 3.647,all P＜0.05).Conclusion The percentage of peripheral blood total T lymphocyte and CD8+T lymphocyte increase in active IBD patients with ineffective IFX treatment,however the percentage of NK cell decreases.

Objective To determine the effect of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-lbeta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-Alpha (TNF-α) on human serotonin transporter (SERT) in human enterocyte-like cell line Caco-2.Methods Caco2 cells were cultured for 5 days,then were divided into control group.IL-1β treated group (50 ng/ml) and TNF-α treated group (50ng/ml) for 2.24,48 and 72 hours.The expression of SERT mRNA was detected by RT-PCR at 2,24 and 48 hours and its protein expression was measured by Western blotting at 24,48 and 72 hours.Results The expression of SERT mRNA at 2,24 and 48 hours was lower both in IL-1β treated group (1.393±1.184,1.064±0.625 and 1.013±0.415,respectively) and TNF-α treated group (1.000±0.000,0.829±0.162and 0.945±0.147,respectively) in comparison with control group (2.282±1.367,1.586±0.421 and 1.86 ±O.496,respectively).There was significant difference among three groups (P<0.01).The expression of SERT protein at 24,48 and 72 hours was lower in IL-1β treated group and TNF-α treated group than in control group.Conclusions The IL-1β and TNF-α can inhibit the expressions of SERT mRNA and protein in Caco-2 cells,which indicates that IL-1β and TNF-α may change visceral sensitivity by influencing peripheral 5-hydroxytryptamine levels.

Objective To assess the expression of TNFα, IL-1β and the serotonin transporter (SERT) in adult rats of chronic visceral hypersensitivity induced by colon irritation during postnatal development, and to provide evidence to clarify the complex relationship between inflammatory cytokines and SERT among visceral hypersensitivity. Methods Sixteen neonatal male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into two groups undergoing different treatments. The irritated group ( n = 8 ) was received intracolonic injections of acetic acid(0.5%) between postnatal days 8 and 21 and another group ( n = 8 )was received colonic infusion with 0. 9% saline served as control. When they became adults( ages 7 weeks),the threshold intensity for a visually identifiable contraction of the abdominal wall and body arching were recorded during rectal distention (RD) to evaluate visceral hypersensitivity. Histological evaluation and MPO activity assay were performed to quantify the inflammation. The expression of cytokine of colon was assessed through immunohistochemistry. The expression of SERT was examined by Western blot. Results Histological examination of the tissues showed no significant structural damage or loss of crypts. The MPO levels in both groups were similar[(0. 497 ±0. 570) unit/g vs (0. 623 ±0. 739) unit/g, P =0.724]. The threshold to elicit a distinctive abdominal muscle contraction in response to RD decreased from (0.40 ±0. 14) ml in the control group to (0. 19 ±0.06)ml in the irritated group. And the threshold for bodying arching decreased from (0.91 ± 0. 26 ) ml in the control group to ( 0. 47 ± 0. 13 ) ml in the irritated group (P ＜ 0. 01 ). Cytokine immunoreactivity was increased in the irritated group when compared to the control group (TNFα: 0. 194 ±0. 001 vs 0. 182 ±0. 001, P ＜0. 01; IL-1β: 0. 196 ±0. 002 vs 0. 185 ±0.001, P＜0. 01 ), while SERT expression were reduced in the irritated group (0. 298 ±0. 038 vs 0. 634 ±0. 200, P＜0. 05). Conclusion There is an increase in the proinflammatory cytokines and a decrease in the SERT expression associated with the presence of chronic visceral hypersensitivity, both of them may play an important role in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity.